WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.944 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:01.944 --> 00:00:04.374 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:04.374 --> 00:00:05.832 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:05.832 --> 00:00:11.133 align:middle line:90% 00:00:11.133 --> 00:00:12.800 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: And finally, our last speaker 00:00:12.800 --> 00:00:17.120 align:middle line:84% is Brian Urlaub, who is a Senior Vice President at Salas O'Brien 00:00:17.120 --> 00:00:19.180 align:middle line:84% and their Director of Geothermal Operations. 00:00:19.180 --> 00:00:23.287 align:middle line:84% And he'll be joining us virtually. 00:00:23.287 --> 00:00:25.120 align:middle line:84% BRIAN URLAUB: Yeah, good morning, everybody. 00:00:25.120 --> 00:00:27.293 align:middle line:90% Sorry I can't be there. 00:00:27.293 --> 00:00:29.880 align:middle line:84% [LAUGHS] I'm actually going to be in Boston all next week 00:00:29.880 --> 00:00:34.720 align:middle line:84% for more geothermal and thermal energy network conferences 00:00:34.720 --> 00:00:37.820 align:middle line:84% and symposiums, and looking forward to that next week. 00:00:37.820 --> 00:00:40.660 align:middle line:90% But let's see. 00:00:40.660 --> 00:00:42.780 align:middle line:90% Is that in screen? 00:00:42.780 --> 00:00:44.700 align:middle line:90% Sorry. 00:00:44.700 --> 00:00:45.260 align:middle line:90% There we go. 00:00:45.260 --> 00:00:46.775 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:00:46.775 --> 00:00:47.900 align:middle line:90% Yeah, thanks for having me. 00:00:47.900 --> 00:00:50.960 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to talk a little bit about the introduction 00:00:50.960 --> 00:00:52.960 align:middle line:84% to designing geothermal energy networks, 00:00:52.960 --> 00:00:55.120 align:middle line:90% or thermal energy networks. 00:00:55.120 --> 00:00:58.548 align:middle line:84% I know Nicholas-- and thank you for that-- mentioned something 00:00:58.548 --> 00:00:59.340 align:middle line:90% about a case study. 00:00:59.340 --> 00:01:01.360 align:middle line:84% I think maybe the agenda might have 00:01:01.360 --> 00:01:03.447 align:middle line:90% gotten changed a little bit. 00:01:03.447 --> 00:01:05.239 align:middle line:84% So we're going to talk a little bit briefly 00:01:05.239 --> 00:01:10.360 align:middle line:84% about the high-level technical aspects of design considerations 00:01:10.360 --> 00:01:14.400 align:middle line:84% for thermal energy networks and geothermal energy networks. 00:01:14.400 --> 00:01:20.920 align:middle line:84% So primarily, these are the six kind of most important topics 00:01:20.920 --> 00:01:24.480 align:middle line:84% or design considerations that, in my mind, when 00:01:24.480 --> 00:01:28.520 align:middle line:84% looking at these systems that you have to really consider, 00:01:28.520 --> 00:01:33.360 align:middle line:84% think very thoroughly through, and understand as you 00:01:33.360 --> 00:01:34.740 align:middle line:90% move forward in the design. 00:01:34.740 --> 00:01:37.440 align:middle line:90% So number 1, site selection. 00:01:37.440 --> 00:01:38.942 align:middle line:90% Obviously extremely important. 00:01:38.942 --> 00:01:40.400 align:middle line:84% Now, I'm going to talk specifically 00:01:40.400 --> 00:01:43.977 align:middle line:84% about the technical aspects of the design. 00:01:43.977 --> 00:01:45.560 align:middle line:84% Obviously with site selection, there's 00:01:45.560 --> 00:01:49.120 align:middle line:84% all kinds of other ramifications and aspects 00:01:49.120 --> 00:01:53.420 align:middle line:84% of why you might choose a site over certain technical aspects. 00:01:53.420 --> 00:01:55.540 align:middle line:84% But just from a technical perspective, 00:01:55.540 --> 00:01:56.660 align:middle line:90% we'll go through that. 00:01:56.660 --> 00:01:58.660 align:middle line:84% We'll talk a little bit about thermal resources. 00:01:58.660 --> 00:02:00.743 align:middle line:84% But obviously, you've been hearing all about that, 00:02:00.743 --> 00:02:02.990 align:middle line:84% and so I'm not going to spend a lot of time there. 00:02:02.990 --> 00:02:05.710 align:middle line:84% We'll also just dive into a little bit about the differences 00:02:05.710 --> 00:02:08.750 align:middle line:84% between the single-pipe ambient loops versus two-pipe ambient 00:02:08.750 --> 00:02:09.250 align:middle line:90% loops. 00:02:09.250 --> 00:02:11.290 align:middle line:84% And then what's an energy transfer station? 00:02:11.290 --> 00:02:14.550 align:middle line:84% Why or why you may or may not incorporate that 00:02:14.550 --> 00:02:18.550 align:middle line:84% into a design, what impacts that may have. 00:02:18.550 --> 00:02:21.170 align:middle line:84% And then some of the infrastructure ramifications, 00:02:21.170 --> 00:02:22.310 align:middle line:90% pump houses primarily. 00:02:22.310 --> 00:02:24.230 align:middle line:84% Because we're pumping fluid, we've 00:02:24.230 --> 00:02:27.390 align:middle line:84% got to have a lot of these types of systems 00:02:27.390 --> 00:02:28.710 align:middle line:90% throughout the network. 00:02:28.710 --> 00:02:31.310 align:middle line:84% And so where do they get located? 00:02:31.310 --> 00:02:34.390 align:middle line:84% And that's always a really big topic and discussion 00:02:34.390 --> 00:02:36.470 align:middle line:84% with the client and the community 00:02:36.470 --> 00:02:39.250 align:middle line:90% about, where do these go? 00:02:39.250 --> 00:02:42.990 align:middle line:84% How do you locate them and what they might look like? 00:02:42.990 --> 00:02:45.190 align:middle line:84% Then also talk just briefly about modeling 00:02:45.190 --> 00:02:51.670 align:middle line:84% these systems, because these are relatively new from the modeling 00:02:51.670 --> 00:02:52.570 align:middle line:90% community. 00:02:52.570 --> 00:02:55.510 align:middle line:84% And so to try to dynamically model 00:02:55.510 --> 00:02:58.443 align:middle line:84% the impacts and the optimization of these systems 00:02:58.443 --> 00:02:59.610 align:middle line:90% I think is really important. 00:02:59.610 --> 00:03:02.450 align:middle line:84% And then of course, gathering data on existing systems 00:03:02.450 --> 00:03:04.630 align:middle line:84% so we can continue to refine the modeling 00:03:04.630 --> 00:03:07.510 align:middle line:84% is also extremely important, which, 00:03:07.510 --> 00:03:10.830 align:middle line:84% we know HEET is doing a fantastic job with their LeGUp 00:03:10.830 --> 00:03:11.630 align:middle line:90% program. 00:03:11.630 --> 00:03:14.015 align:middle line:84% And then thinking about future expansion, 00:03:14.015 --> 00:03:16.390 align:middle line:84% we've got a lot of pilot projects going on in the country 00:03:16.390 --> 00:03:16.930 align:middle line:90% right now. 00:03:16.930 --> 00:03:19.710 align:middle line:84% But we need to think about and have as part of the design 00:03:19.710 --> 00:03:23.110 align:middle line:84% consideration, how do we expand these systems 00:03:23.110 --> 00:03:24.410 align:middle line:90% and what that might look like? 00:03:24.410 --> 00:03:26.310 align:middle line:84% And make sure that we're incorporating 00:03:26.310 --> 00:03:29.950 align:middle line:84% proper fundamentals within the system 00:03:29.950 --> 00:03:34.910 align:middle line:84% to be able to accommodate that expansion in the future. 00:03:34.910 --> 00:03:36.610 align:middle line:90% So first of all, site selection. 00:03:36.610 --> 00:03:39.370 align:middle line:84% Just looking at this from a technical perspective, 00:03:39.370 --> 00:03:41.030 align:middle line:84% again, first thing we always look 00:03:41.030 --> 00:03:42.710 align:middle line:84% for when we're looking at sites is, 00:03:42.710 --> 00:03:45.990 align:middle line:84% are there thermal assets that are available and accessible 00:03:45.990 --> 00:03:46.970 align:middle line:90% within that site? 00:03:46.970 --> 00:03:53.310 align:middle line:84% And what I mean by accessible is through both regulation and land 00:03:53.310 --> 00:03:56.630 align:middle line:84% agreements or access, can you make that thermal asset 00:03:56.630 --> 00:03:58.510 align:middle line:90% available to the system? 00:03:58.510 --> 00:03:59.880 align:middle line:90% So that's really important. 00:03:59.880 --> 00:04:01.963 align:middle line:84% So it might be vertical boreholes, 00:04:01.963 --> 00:04:02.880 align:middle line:90% but where do those go? 00:04:02.880 --> 00:04:04.640 align:middle line:84% Are they on somebody's private property? 00:04:04.640 --> 00:04:06.637 align:middle line:90% Are they within the street? 00:04:06.637 --> 00:04:07.720 align:middle line:90% Are they at a parking lot? 00:04:07.720 --> 00:04:08.920 align:middle line:90% What does that look like? 00:04:08.920 --> 00:04:14.060 align:middle line:84% Is there a river or a surface body of water nearby? 00:04:14.060 --> 00:04:17.540 align:middle line:84% Any of those things that are going to be utilized, 00:04:17.540 --> 00:04:19.360 align:middle line:84% are they accessible and available? 00:04:19.360 --> 00:04:21.980 align:middle line:84% And then how do you get to those sites 00:04:21.980 --> 00:04:24.728 align:middle line:84% and incorporate that into your system? 00:04:24.728 --> 00:04:26.520 align:middle line:84% The next thing would be the building stock. 00:04:26.520 --> 00:04:30.557 align:middle line:84% Number 1 we always want to look for a diverse load profile 00:04:30.557 --> 00:04:32.140 align:middle line:84% within the building stock that's going 00:04:32.140 --> 00:04:34.400 align:middle line:90% to be connected to the system. 00:04:34.400 --> 00:04:35.820 align:middle line:84% The reason for that is really just 00:04:35.820 --> 00:04:38.980 align:middle line:84% to try to reduce capital costs and peak loads 00:04:38.980 --> 00:04:40.160 align:middle line:90% and try to share energy. 00:04:40.160 --> 00:04:43.580 align:middle line:84% If we're not sharing energy during peak times, 00:04:43.580 --> 00:04:47.730 align:middle line:84% we still have to size the total for the sum of the peaks, right? 00:04:47.730 --> 00:04:52.260 align:middle line:84% So we don't get a real benefit from the diverse loads 00:04:52.260 --> 00:04:56.180 align:middle line:84% on the peak sizing, which then doesn't offset any capital 00:04:56.180 --> 00:04:57.380 align:middle line:90% expenditures. 00:04:57.380 --> 00:05:00.140 align:middle line:84% So what we're really looking for is his commercial buildings 00:05:00.140 --> 00:05:02.860 align:middle line:84% that in heating-dominant climate zones 00:05:02.860 --> 00:05:04.680 align:middle line:84% have cooling-dominant load profiles 00:05:04.680 --> 00:05:08.340 align:middle line:84% so we can share that energy with then some residential buildings 00:05:08.340 --> 00:05:10.260 align:middle line:90% on that same network. 00:05:10.260 --> 00:05:11.280 align:middle line:90% That's really important. 00:05:11.280 --> 00:05:16.840 align:middle line:84% As you were going south into cooling-dominant climate zones, 00:05:16.840 --> 00:05:19.980 align:middle line:84% then you would look for things like domestic hot water 00:05:19.980 --> 00:05:25.440 align:middle line:84% and things that are using heat versus getting rid of heat. 00:05:25.440 --> 00:05:28.700 align:middle line:84% So it depends on, of course, where this is being done, 00:05:28.700 --> 00:05:29.357 align:middle line:90% number 1. 00:05:29.357 --> 00:05:30.940 align:middle line:84% Most of the systems we're seeing today 00:05:30.940 --> 00:05:33.220 align:middle line:84% are in heating-dominant climate zones. 00:05:33.220 --> 00:05:35.780 align:middle line:84% So we're looking for that commercial offtaker that 00:05:35.780 --> 00:05:38.340 align:middle line:90% can give heat to the system. 00:05:38.340 --> 00:05:40.520 align:middle line:84% And then also the building density. 00:05:40.520 --> 00:05:42.380 align:middle line:84% We don't want to run miles of pipe 00:05:42.380 --> 00:05:43.970 align:middle line:84% and only connect a few buildings. 00:05:43.970 --> 00:05:46.220 align:middle line:84% We want to make sure that our building density is such 00:05:46.220 --> 00:05:48.420 align:middle line:84% that we have enough connected customers 00:05:48.420 --> 00:05:51.840 align:middle line:84% to reduce that overall cost of the network 00:05:51.840 --> 00:05:54.765 align:middle line:90% and it makes sense to do that. 00:05:54.765 --> 00:05:56.140 align:middle line:84% And then, of course, the site has 00:05:56.140 --> 00:05:59.215 align:middle line:84% to have areas for infrastructure. 00:05:59.215 --> 00:06:00.590 align:middle line:84% Where does the infrastructure go? 00:06:00.590 --> 00:06:03.250 align:middle line:84% Where do these pump houses or vaults go? 00:06:03.250 --> 00:06:06.210 align:middle line:84% Where do we put the thermal assets in how 00:06:06.210 --> 00:06:08.050 align:middle line:90% do we connect those systems? 00:06:08.050 --> 00:06:09.955 align:middle line:84% Because with these systems, you're 00:06:09.955 --> 00:06:11.330 align:middle line:84% going to have infrastructure that 00:06:11.330 --> 00:06:15.850 align:middle line:84% has to be placed somewhere, both electrically, hydraulically. 00:06:15.850 --> 00:06:17.350 align:middle line:90% So are they within buildings? 00:06:17.350 --> 00:06:21.350 align:middle line:90% Are they freestanding buildings? 00:06:21.350 --> 00:06:24.630 align:middle line:84% Are they built into maybe new developments? 00:06:24.630 --> 00:06:28.150 align:middle line:90% Where do those things-- 00:06:28.150 --> 00:06:29.750 align:middle line:84% where are they going to be located? 00:06:29.750 --> 00:06:32.518 align:middle line:84% And that's really important because as these get built out, 00:06:32.518 --> 00:06:34.810 align:middle line:84% I think the last thing a lot of communities want to see 00:06:34.810 --> 00:06:37.170 align:middle line:84% is all kinds of just infrastructure that 00:06:37.170 --> 00:06:39.330 align:middle line:84% has to do with operating the system 00:06:39.330 --> 00:06:40.770 align:middle line:90% throughout their neighborhoods. 00:06:40.770 --> 00:06:42.970 align:middle line:84% So that's certainly-- technically, 00:06:42.970 --> 00:06:44.890 align:middle line:84% we have to understand that and figure out 00:06:44.890 --> 00:06:46.150 align:middle line:90% where we're going to put it. 00:06:46.150 --> 00:06:48.400 align:middle line:84% And then of course, the building age and the community 00:06:48.400 --> 00:06:49.450 align:middle line:90% that you're looking at. 00:06:49.450 --> 00:06:51.550 align:middle line:84% What is the age of the buildings? 00:06:51.550 --> 00:06:52.970 align:middle line:84% Typically, the older buildings are 00:06:52.970 --> 00:06:56.050 align:middle line:84% going to be harder to heat because of the envelopes. 00:06:56.050 --> 00:06:57.150 align:middle line:90% They need to be improved. 00:06:57.150 --> 00:07:01.610 align:middle line:84% They don't have as good insulation, windows, et cetera. 00:07:01.610 --> 00:07:03.970 align:middle line:84% And then also, the HVAC systems are probably 00:07:03.970 --> 00:07:06.810 align:middle line:84% such that they're not easily retrofittable to 00:07:06.810 --> 00:07:08.690 align:middle line:90% a geothermal heat pump system. 00:07:08.690 --> 00:07:12.290 align:middle line:84% So the deeper the retrofits, of course, the higher the cost. 00:07:12.290 --> 00:07:15.250 align:middle line:84% So those are all things when it comes to the technical site 00:07:15.250 --> 00:07:18.530 align:middle line:84% selection that we take into account when looking at that 00:07:18.530 --> 00:07:20.530 align:middle line:84% and helping our clients really pick 00:07:20.530 --> 00:07:23.770 align:middle line:84% the best sites for these projects moving forward. 00:07:23.770 --> 00:07:26.200 align:middle line:84% Thermal assets or thermal resources. 00:07:26.200 --> 00:07:29.210 align:middle line:84% Nick did a really good job talking about this. 00:07:29.210 --> 00:07:31.730 align:middle line:84% Obviously, we've got all kinds of different Earth 00:07:31.730 --> 00:07:34.810 align:middle line:84% energy-type systems where you're talking about vertical closed 00:07:34.810 --> 00:07:39.330 align:middle line:84% loop, surface water, open loop, reinjection energy piles. 00:07:39.330 --> 00:07:42.110 align:middle line:84% There's all kinds of really good geothermal resources, 00:07:42.110 --> 00:07:44.708 align:middle line:84% but there's also that waste heat, the waste heat that's 00:07:44.708 --> 00:07:46.250 align:middle line:84% around all of our communities that we 00:07:46.250 --> 00:07:47.930 align:middle line:90% can try to take advantage of. 00:07:47.930 --> 00:07:49.530 align:middle line:84% And so those are the thermal assets 00:07:49.530 --> 00:07:52.890 align:middle line:84% that we've always tried to analyze, look at, and figure 00:07:52.890 --> 00:07:54.270 align:middle line:90% out, is it available? 00:07:54.270 --> 00:07:55.110 align:middle line:90% Is it accessible? 00:07:55.110 --> 00:07:56.730 align:middle line:84% And then what's the cost implication 00:07:56.730 --> 00:07:57.820 align:middle line:90% to that thermal asset? 00:07:57.820 --> 00:08:01.120 align:middle line:90% 00:08:01.120 --> 00:08:03.980 align:middle line:84% Single-pipe versus two-pipe ambient temperature loop. 00:08:03.980 --> 00:08:06.120 align:middle line:84% So the interconnecting pipe that runs 00:08:06.120 --> 00:08:08.440 align:middle line:84% around the community or the network 00:08:08.440 --> 00:08:10.940 align:middle line:84% and how to connect these buildings is really important. 00:08:10.940 --> 00:08:16.180 align:middle line:84% Number 1, technically to put stuff in existing streets, 00:08:16.180 --> 00:08:18.300 align:middle line:84% to put new infrastructure in existing streets, 00:08:18.300 --> 00:08:20.260 align:middle line:84% you have to coordinate with all the other utilities. 00:08:20.260 --> 00:08:22.510 align:middle line:84% And a lot of these older neighborhoods and communities 00:08:22.510 --> 00:08:24.480 align:middle line:84% have a lot of utilities in the streets, 00:08:24.480 --> 00:08:27.560 align:middle line:84% so having a two-pipe system versus a one-pipe system 00:08:27.560 --> 00:08:30.480 align:middle line:84% makes that a bit more challenging and a bit more 00:08:30.480 --> 00:08:32.320 align:middle line:90% costly to install. 00:08:32.320 --> 00:08:35.120 align:middle line:84% The other nice thing about the single-pipe versus the two-pipe 00:08:35.120 --> 00:08:37.799 align:middle line:84% is it's much more flexible for expansion, 00:08:37.799 --> 00:08:42.059 align:middle line:84% for distributed resources and distributed assets. 00:08:42.059 --> 00:08:45.100 align:middle line:84% So you can have multitude of thermal assets, 00:08:45.100 --> 00:08:47.600 align:middle line:84% and you can place those in different locations 00:08:47.600 --> 00:08:49.360 align:middle line:84% where with a two-pipe, it's a lot harder 00:08:49.360 --> 00:08:52.200 align:middle line:84% hydraulically to interconnect all of those systems, 00:08:52.200 --> 00:08:56.200 align:middle line:84% and it also becomes a little bit more challenging. 00:08:56.200 --> 00:08:58.500 align:middle line:84% And just the building connections. 00:08:58.500 --> 00:09:01.360 align:middle line:84% Now, the downside to a single pipe 00:09:01.360 --> 00:09:05.520 align:middle line:84% is if you only had one thermal resource to draw from, 00:09:05.520 --> 00:09:09.853 align:middle line:84% then you have to size and pump the single pipe such 00:09:09.853 --> 00:09:11.520 align:middle line:84% that all the customers are still getting 00:09:11.520 --> 00:09:14.740 align:middle line:84% roughly the same temperature to those heat pumps. 00:09:14.740 --> 00:09:19.120 align:middle line:84% Usually, we try to maintain less than a 5-degree delta T 00:09:19.120 --> 00:09:21.880 align:middle line:84% Fahrenheit between all those buildings, 00:09:21.880 --> 00:09:24.420 align:middle line:84% because that way everybody's getting the same efficiency. 00:09:24.420 --> 00:09:28.760 align:middle line:84% If you start to allow 7, 8, 10 degrees between buildings, 00:09:28.760 --> 00:09:33.320 align:middle line:84% now you're impacting the person that's first off of the line 00:09:33.320 --> 00:09:36.840 align:middle line:84% versus the last off of the line differently, 00:09:36.840 --> 00:09:39.300 align:middle line:84% and that's not necessarily equitable and fair 00:09:39.300 --> 00:09:40.540 align:middle line:90% to those customers. 00:09:40.540 --> 00:09:43.320 align:middle line:84% So that's one reason why when you're 00:09:43.320 --> 00:09:45.380 align:middle line:84% looking at a single-pipe ambient system, 00:09:45.380 --> 00:09:51.400 align:middle line:84% distributed thermal resources are key to those designs. 00:09:51.400 --> 00:09:54.440 align:middle line:84% Whereas a two-pipe system, everybody's 00:09:54.440 --> 00:09:55.660 align:middle line:90% getting the same temperature. 00:09:55.660 --> 00:09:58.870 align:middle line:84% You can locate one larger thermal asset, 00:09:58.870 --> 00:10:01.050 align:middle line:84% and everybody gets the same temperature. 00:10:01.050 --> 00:10:06.630 align:middle line:84% So it's a little bit easier to manage with a two-pipe system. 00:10:06.630 --> 00:10:09.990 align:middle line:84% I'll also say that the single-pipe systems generally, 00:10:09.990 --> 00:10:13.470 align:middle line:84% on average, have lower flows through that single pipe 00:10:13.470 --> 00:10:16.390 align:middle line:84% through the ambient loop, which means smaller pipe, smaller 00:10:16.390 --> 00:10:19.230 align:middle line:90% pumps, less energy to operate. 00:10:19.230 --> 00:10:22.430 align:middle line:84% So those are also some benefits of the single-pipe system 00:10:22.430 --> 00:10:24.430 align:middle line:90% versus the two-pipe system. 00:10:24.430 --> 00:10:26.590 align:middle line:84% The other thing that-- just touch on briefly 00:10:26.590 --> 00:10:31.170 align:middle line:84% is the energy transfer station, or basically in layman terms 00:10:31.170 --> 00:10:33.910 align:middle line:84% would be just a hydraulic isolation between the building 00:10:33.910 --> 00:10:38.950 align:middle line:84% fluid and piping system and the infrastructure fluid and piping 00:10:38.950 --> 00:10:39.690 align:middle line:90% system. 00:10:39.690 --> 00:10:44.370 align:middle line:84% The reason why you do that, especially for larger buildings, 00:10:44.370 --> 00:10:46.370 align:middle line:84% is if you have a lot of piping in your building, 00:10:46.370 --> 00:10:49.290 align:middle line:84% you have a lot of fluid, a lot of connections, a lot of joints, 00:10:49.290 --> 00:10:54.590 align:middle line:84% you have a larger risk for potential leaks and breakage 00:10:54.590 --> 00:10:57.470 align:middle line:84% that would impact the entire infrastructure. 00:10:57.470 --> 00:11:00.270 align:middle line:84% So a heat exchanger to isolate the building 00:11:00.270 --> 00:11:03.550 align:middle line:84% from the infrastructure then allows every building 00:11:03.550 --> 00:11:05.470 align:middle line:90% to have its own system. 00:11:05.470 --> 00:11:07.790 align:middle line:84% The infrastructure's completely isolated. 00:11:07.790 --> 00:11:09.850 align:middle line:84% And that way, the fluids don't mix. 00:11:09.850 --> 00:11:10.930 align:middle line:90% The pressures don't mix. 00:11:10.930 --> 00:11:12.870 align:middle line:84% If I had a mid-rise or a high-rise building 00:11:12.870 --> 00:11:15.030 align:middle line:84% on one of these systems, that pressure 00:11:15.030 --> 00:11:18.150 align:middle line:84% would impact the infrastructure pressure 00:11:18.150 --> 00:11:20.030 align:middle line:90% if I didn't isolate that. 00:11:20.030 --> 00:11:24.030 align:middle line:84% So most systems we see today have what we call an ETS 00:11:24.030 --> 00:11:26.850 align:middle line:84% or an Energy Transfer Station to isolate those systems. 00:11:26.850 --> 00:11:29.730 align:middle line:84% Keep in mind, every one of those heat exchangers, though, 00:11:29.730 --> 00:11:33.810 align:middle line:84% do reduce the temperatures and efficiency of the system, 00:11:33.810 --> 00:11:37.910 align:middle line:84% because we're not getting a straight through 0-degree 00:11:37.910 --> 00:11:40.790 align:middle line:84% approach from infrastructure temperature to building 00:11:40.790 --> 00:11:41.670 align:middle line:90% temperature. 00:11:41.670 --> 00:11:44.350 align:middle line:84% You generally lose a couple of degrees, 00:11:44.350 --> 00:11:47.310 align:middle line:84% which, then again, can negatively impact the heat pump 00:11:47.310 --> 00:11:48.070 align:middle line:90% performance. 00:11:48.070 --> 00:11:48.650 align:middle line:90% Slightly. 00:11:48.650 --> 00:11:53.150 align:middle line:84% Not a huge deal, but there is an impact there. 00:11:53.150 --> 00:11:57.640 align:middle line:84% If you had all residential homes and just one heat pump per home, 00:11:57.640 --> 00:12:00.780 align:middle line:84% maybe an energy transfer station isn't necessary. 00:12:00.780 --> 00:12:04.640 align:middle line:84% There's a great case study, the one in Markham, 00:12:04.640 --> 00:12:08.140 align:middle line:84% Ontario, where all 300 homes do not have an energy transfer 00:12:08.140 --> 00:12:10.580 align:middle line:84% station, because there's very limited piping. 00:12:10.580 --> 00:12:14.680 align:middle line:84% There's no pressure implications of additional building height. 00:12:14.680 --> 00:12:16.140 align:middle line:90% It's all single-family. 00:12:16.140 --> 00:12:18.580 align:middle line:84% So again, project-specific, but just 00:12:18.580 --> 00:12:20.180 align:middle line:84% understand what the differences are 00:12:20.180 --> 00:12:23.100 align:middle line:84% and why you might use that versus when you maybe 00:12:23.100 --> 00:12:25.698 align:middle line:90% wouldn't use it. 00:12:25.698 --> 00:12:27.740 align:middle line:84% And then let's talk a little bit about these pump 00:12:27.740 --> 00:12:29.280 align:middle line:90% houses and infrastructure. 00:12:29.280 --> 00:12:31.720 align:middle line:90% And where do we put those? 00:12:31.720 --> 00:12:35.420 align:middle line:84% The above-grade pump houses obviously 00:12:35.420 --> 00:12:37.900 align:middle line:84% need to have architectural designs to meet any city 00:12:37.900 --> 00:12:40.180 align:middle line:84% standards and neighborhood standards 00:12:40.180 --> 00:12:43.380 align:middle line:84% from an architectural perspective. 00:12:43.380 --> 00:12:45.660 align:middle line:90% You obviously have to have-- 00:12:45.660 --> 00:12:48.140 align:middle line:84% in certain cases have to have conditioned 00:12:48.140 --> 00:12:52.180 align:middle line:84% space when you get over certain square footages. 00:12:52.180 --> 00:12:54.740 align:middle line:84% In certain areas, the code would require potentially 00:12:54.740 --> 00:12:56.700 align:middle line:90% a bathroom to be installed. 00:12:56.700 --> 00:12:59.920 align:middle line:84% So designing above-grade structures, number 1, 00:12:59.920 --> 00:13:03.020 align:middle line:84% there's a lot larger cost implications. 00:13:03.020 --> 00:13:05.100 align:middle line:84% It's something that people are going to see. 00:13:05.100 --> 00:13:06.600 align:middle line:90% So where do you put that? 00:13:06.600 --> 00:13:08.880 align:middle line:90% What does it look like? 00:13:08.880 --> 00:13:12.860 align:middle line:84% Great for educational purposes, but other than that, 00:13:12.860 --> 00:13:15.940 align:middle line:84% it's really just there to operate the system. 00:13:15.940 --> 00:13:19.220 align:middle line:84% Are you going to have actual hardware installed 00:13:19.220 --> 00:13:22.220 align:middle line:84% there to operate the system, or is everything remote? 00:13:22.220 --> 00:13:24.320 align:middle line:84% So what goes into this pump house? 00:13:24.320 --> 00:13:25.660 align:middle line:90% How big is it? 00:13:25.660 --> 00:13:28.980 align:middle line:84% Some of these that we've seen on some of these pilot projects 00:13:28.980 --> 00:13:31.540 align:middle line:90% are 20 by 40 foot long. 00:13:31.540 --> 00:13:36.180 align:middle line:84% So a relatively large pump house that needs quite a bit of space 00:13:36.180 --> 00:13:39.340 align:middle line:90% and obviously can be seen. 00:13:39.340 --> 00:13:42.880 align:middle line:84% So when you're into the beginning concepts, 00:13:42.880 --> 00:13:43.922 align:middle line:90% where do you put these? 00:13:43.922 --> 00:13:44.880 align:middle line:90% What do they look like? 00:13:44.880 --> 00:13:46.540 align:middle line:90% What are the sizes? 00:13:46.540 --> 00:13:49.780 align:middle line:84% What are the implications of having above-grade structures? 00:13:49.780 --> 00:13:51.518 align:middle line:90% And you might have one. 00:13:51.518 --> 00:13:53.060 align:middle line:84% You may have more than one, depending 00:13:53.060 --> 00:13:55.420 align:middle line:84% on how many different pump stations you might 00:13:55.420 --> 00:13:57.570 align:middle line:84% have in a system, so those are things 00:13:57.570 --> 00:14:00.033 align:middle line:90% that need to be considered. 00:14:00.033 --> 00:14:01.450 align:middle line:84% The other thing you could consider 00:14:01.450 --> 00:14:03.150 align:middle line:84% is, what if we do this below-grade, OK? 00:14:03.150 --> 00:14:05.390 align:middle line:84% So now we don't have to look at anything. 00:14:05.390 --> 00:14:07.487 align:middle line:90% Everything is below ground. 00:14:07.487 --> 00:14:09.070 align:middle line:84% But what are the implications of that? 00:14:09.070 --> 00:14:11.410 align:middle line:84% Well, number 1, anybody that's owning, operating, 00:14:11.410 --> 00:14:12.850 align:middle line:84% and maintaining these systems, you 00:14:12.850 --> 00:14:17.850 align:middle line:84% have to have confined space, trained and certified service 00:14:17.850 --> 00:14:19.850 align:middle line:84% technicians to be able to access those vaults 00:14:19.850 --> 00:14:22.130 align:middle line:90% and be down inside those spaces. 00:14:22.130 --> 00:14:25.530 align:middle line:84% It does make for a bit more challenging for that maintenance 00:14:25.530 --> 00:14:27.970 align:middle line:90% and repair if needed. 00:14:27.970 --> 00:14:31.590 align:middle line:84% You also have a very high-humidity environment, 00:14:31.590 --> 00:14:33.410 align:middle line:84% so you have to be careful with some 00:14:33.410 --> 00:14:35.253 align:middle line:90% of the materials that are used. 00:14:35.253 --> 00:14:36.670 align:middle line:84% And then where do you place these? 00:14:36.670 --> 00:14:37.790 align:middle line:84% Where do you have room for these? 00:14:37.790 --> 00:14:39.490 align:middle line:84% Generally in the street, you may not 00:14:39.490 --> 00:14:41.710 align:middle line:84% have room because of all the other utilities. 00:14:41.710 --> 00:14:44.790 align:middle line:84% So are they going to be placed in private property? 00:14:44.790 --> 00:14:47.570 align:middle line:84% If so, you have to have easements and land access 00:14:47.570 --> 00:14:50.650 align:middle line:84% agreements to access these vaults. 00:14:50.650 --> 00:14:53.710 align:middle line:84% So just thinking that all through about, number 1, 00:14:53.710 --> 00:14:54.430 align:middle line:90% who's the owner? 00:14:54.430 --> 00:14:57.050 align:middle line:84% Who's going to own and operate and maintain the system? 00:14:57.050 --> 00:14:58.730 align:middle line:90% What are their capabilities? 00:14:58.730 --> 00:15:00.670 align:middle line:84% Where do you have space for this stuff? 00:15:00.670 --> 00:15:02.670 align:middle line:90% And then what's the longevity? 00:15:02.670 --> 00:15:04.850 align:middle line:84% What are the service and maintenance implications 00:15:04.850 --> 00:15:06.270 align:middle line:90% of having something below-grade? 00:15:06.270 --> 00:15:07.645 align:middle line:84% If this was in the street, it has 00:15:07.645 --> 00:15:10.210 align:middle line:84% to be vehicle load rated, et cetera. 00:15:10.210 --> 00:15:13.370 align:middle line:84% Here's just a couple of pictures of a project. 00:15:13.370 --> 00:15:16.330 align:middle line:84% This was the one I mentioned up in Markham, Ontario, that's 00:15:16.330 --> 00:15:18.890 align:middle line:84% been installed and operating for a couple of years now. 00:15:18.890 --> 00:15:21.490 align:middle line:84% And they had 15 below-grade vaults all 00:15:21.490 --> 00:15:22.670 align:middle line:90% located in the street. 00:15:22.670 --> 00:15:26.570 align:middle line:84% So as you can see, you have to access those from a manhole 00:15:26.570 --> 00:15:30.370 align:middle line:84% down into the vault to be able to get at the pumps, et cetera. 00:15:30.370 --> 00:15:35.783 align:middle line:84% You still have electrical and some water pedestals above grade 00:15:35.783 --> 00:15:37.950 align:middle line:84% that you're still going to see within the community. 00:15:37.950 --> 00:15:39.033 align:middle line:90% So where do you put those? 00:15:39.033 --> 00:15:41.222 align:middle line:84% Is that on someone's private property 00:15:41.222 --> 00:15:43.790 align:middle line:90% or is it public property? 00:15:43.790 --> 00:15:45.430 align:middle line:90% Where does that get located? 00:15:45.430 --> 00:15:49.650 align:middle line:84% So with these systems, we do have to consider technically, 00:15:49.650 --> 00:15:53.330 align:middle line:90% where does all this stuff-- 00:15:53.330 --> 00:15:54.850 align:middle line:90% where do we place all of it? 00:15:54.850 --> 00:15:58.860 align:middle line:84% And what are the cost implications? 00:15:58.860 --> 00:16:01.720 align:middle line:84% And then what do the maintenance and future accessibility 00:16:01.720 --> 00:16:05.720 align:middle line:90% to these systems look like? 00:16:05.720 --> 00:16:07.840 align:middle line:84% And then I just talk a little bit about modeling. 00:16:07.840 --> 00:16:11.320 align:middle line:84% Modeling these systems can get quite complicated. 00:16:11.320 --> 00:16:13.120 align:middle line:84% The bigger the systems, the different 00:16:13.120 --> 00:16:15.480 align:middle line:84% types of energy sources when you're 00:16:15.480 --> 00:16:16.960 align:middle line:84% adding in any type of supplemental 00:16:16.960 --> 00:16:20.800 align:middle line:90% or hybridization of the systems. 00:16:20.800 --> 00:16:23.440 align:middle line:84% Depending on the building loads and the different diversity 00:16:23.440 --> 00:16:25.240 align:middle line:84% of each of the buildings here, you 00:16:25.240 --> 00:16:28.400 align:middle line:84% need to model these in a dynamic, transient way 00:16:28.400 --> 00:16:32.020 align:middle line:84% that we can actually really, number 1, 00:16:32.020 --> 00:16:35.400 align:middle line:84% understand how they're going to operate hour by hour, year 00:16:35.400 --> 00:16:38.520 align:middle line:90% by year, over the long term. 00:16:38.520 --> 00:16:41.920 align:middle line:84% We need to understand and be able to run 00:16:41.920 --> 00:16:44.000 align:middle line:84% sequencing and operational models 00:16:44.000 --> 00:16:46.640 align:middle line:84% or dispatch models so we can really understand how 00:16:46.640 --> 00:16:50.560 align:middle line:84% to build proper control schematics on how 00:16:50.560 --> 00:16:53.200 align:middle line:84% to operate these so we can give those to the client. 00:16:53.200 --> 00:16:56.120 align:middle line:84% And then also just looking at long term, what 00:16:56.120 --> 00:16:57.600 align:middle line:90% happens to the system? 00:16:57.600 --> 00:17:01.520 align:middle line:84% Or throughout the year, what happens when one building shifts 00:17:01.520 --> 00:17:05.119 align:middle line:84% from heating to cooling, or maybe one asset 00:17:05.119 --> 00:17:09.339 align:middle line:84% isn't available because of the temperature profile? 00:17:09.339 --> 00:17:10.839 align:middle line:84% So there's a lot of different things 00:17:10.839 --> 00:17:12.420 align:middle line:84% that are happening within these systems. 00:17:12.420 --> 00:17:14.280 align:middle line:84% And then we can also really look at not just 00:17:14.280 --> 00:17:16.440 align:middle line:90% the heat pump efficiencies. 00:17:16.440 --> 00:17:20.000 align:middle line:84% We can also dive into the parasitic pump loss 00:17:20.000 --> 00:17:22.359 align:middle line:84% efficiencies, because one thing you 00:17:22.359 --> 00:17:25.720 align:middle line:84% see with these large thermal energy networks 00:17:25.720 --> 00:17:27.760 align:middle line:90% is there's a lot of pump energy. 00:17:27.760 --> 00:17:30.000 align:middle line:84% The bigger they get, the more pumping you have. 00:17:30.000 --> 00:17:32.720 align:middle line:84% And so how much are we being penalized by connecting 00:17:32.720 --> 00:17:33.665 align:middle line:90% all this together? 00:17:33.665 --> 00:17:35.040 align:middle line:84% Or is there different ways we can 00:17:35.040 --> 00:17:39.040 align:middle line:84% do this to maintain small parasitic losses on the pump 00:17:39.040 --> 00:17:39.840 align:middle line:90% side? 00:17:39.840 --> 00:17:42.520 align:middle line:84% And so the cost to operate the system 00:17:42.520 --> 00:17:45.360 align:middle line:84% doesn't offset as if you were to go through 00:17:45.360 --> 00:17:47.640 align:middle line:84% and maybe do these in smaller pieces. 00:17:47.640 --> 00:17:50.080 align:middle line:84% So those are all things that we need to really understand 00:17:50.080 --> 00:17:54.990 align:middle line:84% and need to model correctly as we're designing these systems. 00:17:54.990 --> 00:17:57.550 align:middle line:84% So again, the temperature profile of the ambient loop. 00:17:57.550 --> 00:17:59.870 align:middle line:84% I mentioned earlier, we want all the buildings 00:17:59.870 --> 00:18:01.350 align:middle line:84% to get roughly the same efficiency 00:18:01.350 --> 00:18:02.830 align:middle line:90% and the same temperature. 00:18:02.830 --> 00:18:05.910 align:middle line:84% So with that, we need to model that temperature 00:18:05.910 --> 00:18:08.270 align:middle line:84% profile throughout the year, and obviously 00:18:08.270 --> 00:18:11.510 align:middle line:84% at the very coldest point in the warmest point in the year 00:18:11.510 --> 00:18:12.690 align:middle line:90% and what that looks like. 00:18:12.690 --> 00:18:14.850 align:middle line:84% So this is that project in Markham, Ontario, 00:18:14.850 --> 00:18:16.870 align:middle line:84% where you can see all the different energy 00:18:16.870 --> 00:18:20.130 align:middle line:84% sources injecting or rejecting heat into that ambient loop, 00:18:20.130 --> 00:18:23.550 align:middle line:84% and then how the temperature profile follows that two miles 00:18:23.550 --> 00:18:25.470 align:middle line:90% of pipe around the development. 00:18:25.470 --> 00:18:28.190 align:middle line:84% So we know that based on this, nobody's getting more than 00:18:28.190 --> 00:18:30.750 align:middle line:84% a 5-degree difference, which means everybody's getting really 00:18:30.750 --> 00:18:35.390 align:middle line:84% good and pretty close to the same efficiencies at their home. 00:18:35.390 --> 00:18:38.210 align:middle line:84% And then of course, we always look at long-term net effects 00:18:38.210 --> 00:18:41.230 align:middle line:84% of the system, especially when we're looking at vertical ground 00:18:41.230 --> 00:18:46.252 align:middle line:84% loop heat exchangers, and if we have large bore fields that we 00:18:46.252 --> 00:18:48.710 align:middle line:84% could impact with either putting too much heat in or taking 00:18:48.710 --> 00:18:52.470 align:middle line:84% too much heat out, and how that impacts the Earth over time. 00:18:52.470 --> 00:18:55.310 align:middle line:84% And that's the other beautiful thing about distributed 00:18:55.310 --> 00:18:57.350 align:middle line:84% thermal assets, is the smaller you make them 00:18:57.350 --> 00:18:59.110 align:middle line:84% and the more distributed, the less we're 00:18:59.110 --> 00:19:00.950 align:middle line:84% going to have any impact of the Earth 00:19:00.950 --> 00:19:05.270 align:middle line:84% over the long haul versus if we put all that into one area. 00:19:05.270 --> 00:19:08.590 align:middle line:84% So you can see here that you model five years, you model 10 00:19:08.590 --> 00:19:12.310 align:middle line:84% years, even as much as 30, 40 years just 00:19:12.310 --> 00:19:16.773 align:middle line:84% to see, what's the trend of that model look like? 00:19:16.773 --> 00:19:18.190 align:middle line:84% And you can see here that there is 00:19:18.190 --> 00:19:19.733 align:middle line:84% no trend either going up or down, 00:19:19.733 --> 00:19:22.150 align:middle line:84% which means that we have a very stable and consistent load 00:19:22.150 --> 00:19:25.830 align:middle line:84% profile, both energy in, energy out, so the ground is 00:19:25.830 --> 00:19:30.110 align:middle line:84% going to be very stable over the long term. 00:19:30.110 --> 00:19:32.970 align:middle line:84% And then we can also model all the efficiencies of the system. 00:19:32.970 --> 00:19:36.450 align:middle line:84% So these are the heat pumps throughout the year 00:19:36.450 --> 00:19:38.450 align:middle line:90% or for one year of operation. 00:19:38.450 --> 00:19:40.730 align:middle line:84% That was in the third year, both heating and cooling. 00:19:40.730 --> 00:19:42.890 align:middle line:84% So that's every heat pump in the system 00:19:42.890 --> 00:19:47.070 align:middle line:84% and looking at the COPs of those different buildings 00:19:47.070 --> 00:19:48.770 align:middle line:84% and how they're operating on the system. 00:19:48.770 --> 00:19:51.150 align:middle line:84% So we can look and go, OK, everybody's pretty much 00:19:51.150 --> 00:19:53.230 align:middle line:84% operating around the same efficiencies. 00:19:53.230 --> 00:19:55.260 align:middle line:84% And we can also just get an aggregate 00:19:55.260 --> 00:19:58.920 align:middle line:84% of the total COP of the system, not including pump energy, 00:19:58.920 --> 00:20:01.980 align:middle line:84% but of the heat pumps and the customers that are 00:20:01.980 --> 00:20:03.400 align:middle line:90% being served by this system. 00:20:03.400 --> 00:20:06.820 align:middle line:84% So we can really get a good snapshot of how efficient 00:20:06.820 --> 00:20:08.040 align:middle line:90% these systems are. 00:20:08.040 --> 00:20:11.420 align:middle line:84% And is it penciling out to what the consumers 00:20:11.420 --> 00:20:15.520 align:middle line:84% are going to expect on their utility bills? 00:20:15.520 --> 00:20:17.020 align:middle line:84% And then the last thing I would just 00:20:17.020 --> 00:20:19.680 align:middle line:84% say, when designing these systems, 00:20:19.680 --> 00:20:21.580 align:middle line:84% we really have to consider the expansion 00:20:21.580 --> 00:20:23.320 align:middle line:90% of these systems in the future. 00:20:23.320 --> 00:20:25.580 align:middle line:90% And how are we doing that? 00:20:25.580 --> 00:20:28.560 align:middle line:84% For instance, one of the projects we worked on with heat, 00:20:28.560 --> 00:20:31.180 align:middle line:84% actually, in Framingham, they had 00:20:31.180 --> 00:20:33.020 align:middle line:84% put some tees and some valves on the piping, 00:20:33.020 --> 00:20:34.240 align:middle line:90% thinking about expansion. 00:20:34.240 --> 00:20:36.960 align:middle line:84% And then as we got into designing the expansion, 00:20:36.960 --> 00:20:38.580 align:middle line:84% we realized that that really wasn't 00:20:38.580 --> 00:20:43.660 align:middle line:84% done in a way that could do it the most 00:20:43.660 --> 00:20:47.940 align:middle line:84% optimized way for hydraulics and for energy sharing. 00:20:47.940 --> 00:20:49.940 align:middle line:84% What it was initially thought was 00:20:49.940 --> 00:20:54.060 align:middle line:84% that you could just use the entire center pipe as the mix 00:20:54.060 --> 00:20:56.140 align:middle line:90% loop for connecting the two. 00:20:56.140 --> 00:20:58.340 align:middle line:84% Well, hydraulically when you add the flow 00:20:58.340 --> 00:21:02.160 align:middle line:84% rate of the second loop, that increased the pump sizes-- 00:21:02.160 --> 00:21:04.740 align:middle line:84% whoops-- it increased the pump sizes dramatically 00:21:04.740 --> 00:21:07.260 align:middle line:90% for both systems. 00:21:07.260 --> 00:21:10.220 align:middle line:84% So that really wasn't the most optimized way 00:21:10.220 --> 00:21:13.460 align:middle line:84% to do that because the pipe wasn't large enough. 00:21:13.460 --> 00:21:17.160 align:middle line:84% So rather than digging up and replacing that entire section, 00:21:17.160 --> 00:21:21.420 align:middle line:84% creating two smaller 20-foot mix loop sections on each end 00:21:21.420 --> 00:21:25.780 align:middle line:84% and just replacing that section, and then modeling that to make 00:21:25.780 --> 00:21:28.380 align:middle line:84% sure we can still transfer enough energy within that 00:21:28.380 --> 00:21:32.300 align:middle line:84% 20-foot and see how that worked to see whether or not that was 00:21:32.300 --> 00:21:33.840 align:middle line:90% a good way to expand the system. 00:21:33.840 --> 00:21:38.200 align:middle line:84% But we have to understand, when we look at a system, 00:21:38.200 --> 00:21:39.600 align:middle line:90% where would you expand? 00:21:39.600 --> 00:21:41.060 align:middle line:90% What's the building stock? 00:21:41.060 --> 00:21:44.420 align:middle line:84% High level, what are the loads of that potential expansion 00:21:44.420 --> 00:21:45.020 align:middle line:90% loop? 00:21:45.020 --> 00:21:46.940 align:middle line:84% Are there energy resources available 00:21:46.940 --> 00:21:48.520 align:middle line:84% on that particular expansion loop, 00:21:48.520 --> 00:21:51.180 align:middle line:84% or do I need to feed it all from the original loop? 00:21:51.180 --> 00:21:53.420 align:middle line:90% How does that all work together? 00:21:53.420 --> 00:21:58.050 align:middle line:84% And so this is showing how that mix loop actually 00:21:58.050 --> 00:21:59.970 align:middle line:84% works, those two different spots, which 00:21:59.970 --> 00:22:02.970 align:middle line:84% you can see here at the beginning 00:22:02.970 --> 00:22:05.410 align:middle line:84% and then at the center of the loop. 00:22:05.410 --> 00:22:07.602 align:middle line:84% Where the two come together for 20-foot and mix, 00:22:07.602 --> 00:22:09.810 align:middle line:84% you can see that the temperatures actually do benefit 00:22:09.810 --> 00:22:14.770 align:middle line:84% one another and bring the two closer together as they operate 00:22:14.770 --> 00:22:15.910 align:middle line:90% simultaneously. 00:22:15.910 --> 00:22:17.950 align:middle line:84% Even though you only have two 20-foot sections, 00:22:17.950 --> 00:22:21.290 align:middle line:84% we're still getting shared energy benefit across both 00:22:21.290 --> 00:22:22.150 align:middle line:90% of the loops. 00:22:22.150 --> 00:22:25.157 align:middle line:84% And actually, the red loop is being benefited 00:22:25.157 --> 00:22:27.490 align:middle line:84% more from the black loop, because we've got a little bit 00:22:27.490 --> 00:22:30.150 align:middle line:84% better temperatures on the second loop, 00:22:30.150 --> 00:22:32.330 align:middle line:90% I should say, the phase 2 loop. 00:22:32.330 --> 00:22:35.970 align:middle line:84% So that's benefiting phase 1, OK? 00:22:35.970 --> 00:22:40.890 align:middle line:84% And so as you can see here, we've put numbers on that 00:22:40.890 --> 00:22:44.970 align:middle line:84% where the actual mix loops are, 1 and 3-- which is here 1 and 3, 00:22:44.970 --> 00:22:47.970 align:middle line:84% and then how the systems kind of operate together. 00:22:47.970 --> 00:22:50.970 align:middle line:84% So thinking about expansion, which direction you 00:22:50.970 --> 00:22:53.170 align:middle line:90% might expand. 00:22:53.170 --> 00:22:56.890 align:middle line:84% And then just thinking about the hydraulics of it 00:22:56.890 --> 00:22:58.230 align:middle line:90% and also the energy. 00:22:58.230 --> 00:22:59.870 align:middle line:84% Where's the energy going to come from? 00:22:59.870 --> 00:23:02.270 align:middle line:84% Will there be new energy assets being installed, 00:23:02.270 --> 00:23:05.388 align:middle line:84% or does it need to come from phase 1 of the project? 00:23:05.388 --> 00:23:06.930 align:middle line:84% And so those are just kinds of things 00:23:06.930 --> 00:23:09.470 align:middle line:84% that you can think through high level 00:23:09.470 --> 00:23:12.610 align:middle line:84% as you're designing a project and asking clients, 00:23:12.610 --> 00:23:14.750 align:middle line:84% is this potentially going to be expanded? 00:23:14.750 --> 00:23:16.422 align:middle line:84% Which direction would you expand? 00:23:16.422 --> 00:23:18.130 align:middle line:84% Are there more customers that you already 00:23:18.130 --> 00:23:21.170 align:middle line:84% have in mind that you want to add later on? 00:23:21.170 --> 00:23:24.010 align:middle line:84% So those are all some of the design considerations 00:23:24.010 --> 00:23:26.970 align:middle line:84% that I consider when designing these geothermal energy 00:23:26.970 --> 00:23:27.790 align:middle line:90% networks. 00:23:27.790 --> 00:23:32.810 align:middle line:90% Really critical from the major-- 00:23:32.810 --> 00:23:36.670 align:middle line:84% or six most critical considerations. 00:23:36.670 --> 00:23:39.713 align:middle line:84% So with that, I thank you for your time. 00:23:39.713 --> 00:23:41.630 align:middle line:84% Again, I apologize I can't be there in person. 00:23:41.630 --> 00:23:42.918 align:middle line:90% Wish I could have. 00:23:42.918 --> 00:23:44.710 align:middle line:84% I'm sure I'll see a bunch of you next week. 00:23:44.710 --> 00:23:48.220 align:middle line:84% And I guess we're opening it up for questions. 00:23:48.220 --> 00:23:54.000 align:middle line:90%