WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:01.960 align:middle line:90% [SQUEAKING] 00:00:01.960 --> 00:00:03.920 align:middle line:90% [RUSTLING] 00:00:03.920 --> 00:00:06.860 align:middle line:90% [CLICKING] 00:00:06.860 --> 00:00:16.200 align:middle line:90% 00:00:16.200 --> 00:00:18.010 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: And so next we have Susan. 00:00:18.010 --> 00:00:21.720 align:middle line:90% 00:00:21.720 --> 00:00:22.780 align:middle line:90% You need the clicker? 00:00:22.780 --> 00:00:24.440 align:middle line:84% SUSAN MURCOTT: I do need the clicker. 00:00:24.440 --> 00:00:26.200 align:middle line:90% I don't need this. 00:00:26.200 --> 00:00:28.260 align:middle line:84% PROFESSOR: It's about the MIT project. 00:00:28.260 --> 00:00:30.720 align:middle line:84% SUSAN MURCOTT: Wow, that was fantastic. 00:00:30.720 --> 00:00:35.640 align:middle line:84% I also want to add my voice to this chorus, my voice 00:00:35.640 --> 00:00:38.320 align:middle line:84% and my colleagues' voice, and to start 00:00:38.320 --> 00:00:41.520 align:middle line:84% by thanking Zeyneb and this incredible group that's 00:00:41.520 --> 00:00:42.840 align:middle line:90% joined here today. 00:00:42.840 --> 00:00:46.240 align:middle line:84% And to say that you all are pioneers. 00:00:46.240 --> 00:00:50.120 align:middle line:84% I've been so moved by so much creative work 00:00:50.120 --> 00:00:53.320 align:middle line:84% by so many leaders in the field that have been brought together. 00:00:53.320 --> 00:00:55.960 align:middle line:90% It's truly remarkable. 00:00:55.960 --> 00:00:58.040 align:middle line:90% And so thank you. 00:00:58.040 --> 00:01:02.310 align:middle line:84% I'm going to introduce to you the MIT Thermal Energy 00:01:02.310 --> 00:01:06.390 align:middle line:84% Network, or MITTEN, plan for rapid, cost-effective 00:01:06.390 --> 00:01:09.350 align:middle line:90% decarbonization at MIT campus. 00:01:09.350 --> 00:01:13.550 align:middle line:84% It is the work of MACA MIT campus group. 00:01:13.550 --> 00:01:17.990 align:middle line:84% MACA stands for MIT Alumni for Climate Action, 00:01:17.990 --> 00:01:21.210 align:middle line:84% in collaboration with Geo at MIT, 00:01:21.210 --> 00:01:23.990 align:middle line:84% which is the student group that we've worked with. 00:01:23.990 --> 00:01:26.750 align:middle line:90% MACA was founded in 2018. 00:01:26.750 --> 00:01:31.790 align:middle line:84% The idea for a thermal energy network for MIT campus 00:01:31.790 --> 00:01:34.430 align:middle line:84% goes to Rick Clemenzi a colleague 00:01:34.430 --> 00:01:40.230 align:middle line:84% of Garen Ewbank, who we heard from earlier. 00:01:40.230 --> 00:01:44.750 align:middle line:84% Rick and Judy won a Climate CoLab competition 00:01:44.750 --> 00:01:47.750 align:middle line:90% that MIT sponsored in 2016. 00:01:47.750 --> 00:01:49.130 align:middle line:90% But it didn't go anywhere. 00:01:49.130 --> 00:01:53.630 align:middle line:84% MIT wasn't interested at the time in listening to that. 00:01:53.630 --> 00:01:56.030 align:middle line:90% We picked that up at MIT-- 00:01:56.030 --> 00:01:58.270 align:middle line:84% the MACA group picked up that idea 00:01:58.270 --> 00:02:00.830 align:middle line:84% and have built on it for the past three years, 00:02:00.830 --> 00:02:03.390 align:middle line:84% and we just introduced it formally 00:02:03.390 --> 00:02:08.460 align:middle line:84% in a class that I taught this past week, 00:02:08.460 --> 00:02:11.700 align:middle line:84% and in an hour-long presentation, which 00:02:11.700 --> 00:02:14.060 align:middle line:84% has been reduced to 10 minutes for today. 00:02:14.060 --> 00:02:17.300 align:middle line:84% So moving along, MIT's decarbonization challenge 00:02:17.300 --> 00:02:21.140 align:middle line:84% is that 97% of MIT's greenhouse gas emissions 00:02:21.140 --> 00:02:23.300 align:middle line:84% are from the operation of its buildings. 00:02:23.300 --> 00:02:27.530 align:middle line:84% And 26% of all of Cambridge's greenhouse gases are from MIT. 00:02:27.530 --> 00:02:30.220 align:middle line:90% 00:02:30.220 --> 00:02:35.140 align:middle line:84% MIT has had two climate action plans in 2016 and 2021, 00:02:35.140 --> 00:02:38.500 align:middle line:84% which postponed significant investment in direct campus 00:02:38.500 --> 00:02:41.500 align:middle line:90% decarbonization until later. 00:02:41.500 --> 00:02:46.180 align:middle line:84% Its emphasis in the early years, 2020 up to 2040 and going on, 00:02:46.180 --> 00:02:52.460 align:middle line:84% is a power purchase agreements in the Midwest, and mainly 00:02:52.460 --> 00:02:54.540 align:middle line:90% the power purchase agreements. 00:02:54.540 --> 00:03:00.500 align:middle line:84% But it hopes for some major breakthroughs in the future. 00:03:00.500 --> 00:03:02.500 align:middle line:90% And is going to-- 00:03:02.500 --> 00:03:06.570 align:middle line:84% there are voices among this chorus at MIT 00:03:06.570 --> 00:03:11.050 align:middle line:84% who would like to see small nuclear reactors 00:03:11.050 --> 00:03:14.290 align:middle line:84% or deep geothermal at some future point when 00:03:14.290 --> 00:03:17.810 align:middle line:90% it becomes a reality. 00:03:17.810 --> 00:03:21.410 align:middle line:84% The MIT thermal energy decarbonization plan 00:03:21.410 --> 00:03:25.370 align:middle line:84% is an all-electric campus fueled by carbon-free power. 00:03:25.370 --> 00:03:27.870 align:middle line:84% It implements energy conservation measures, 00:03:27.870 --> 00:03:31.130 align:middle line:84% including waste heat recovery from ventilation systems 00:03:31.130 --> 00:03:33.010 align:middle line:90% to reduce heating and cooling. 00:03:33.010 --> 00:03:35.210 align:middle line:84% We're installing high-efficiency water source heat 00:03:35.210 --> 00:03:39.850 align:middle line:84% pumps in each building distributed 00:03:39.850 --> 00:03:41.610 align:middle line:90% for heating and cooling. 00:03:41.610 --> 00:03:46.290 align:middle line:84% It repurposes the existing chiller loop to an ambient loop, 00:03:46.290 --> 00:03:50.530 align:middle line:84% circulating 45 to 85-degree water year round to water source 00:03:50.530 --> 00:03:52.210 align:middle line:90% heat pumps in each building. 00:03:52.210 --> 00:03:56.250 align:middle line:84% It repurposes the oil tanks at the CUP, Central Utilities 00:03:56.250 --> 00:03:58.410 align:middle line:90% Plant, for thermal storage. 00:03:58.410 --> 00:04:00.290 align:middle line:84% And there are energy transfer stations 00:04:00.290 --> 00:04:03.030 align:middle line:84% operated by the Cambridge Water Department, 00:04:03.030 --> 00:04:06.650 align:middle line:84% exchanging heat with the ambient loop where possible. 00:04:06.650 --> 00:04:11.590 align:middle line:84% And if not, then looking to the MWRA and the wastewater sewage 00:04:11.590 --> 00:04:15.590 align:middle line:84% or drilling geothermal boreholes. 00:04:15.590 --> 00:04:17.550 align:middle line:84% The plan is the most cost-effective and 00:04:17.550 --> 00:04:21.790 align:middle line:84% energy-efficient way to decarbonize the campus. 00:04:21.790 --> 00:04:23.870 align:middle line:90% It demonstrates MIT leadership. 00:04:23.870 --> 00:04:27.870 align:middle line:84% It leverages MIT's investment in existing infrastructure. 00:04:27.870 --> 00:04:31.990 align:middle line:84% It eliminates the cost impact of maintaining separate systems 00:04:31.990 --> 00:04:35.950 align:middle line:84% because the water source heat pumps provide both heating 00:04:35.950 --> 00:04:37.350 align:middle line:90% and cooling. 00:04:37.350 --> 00:04:40.270 align:middle line:84% It eliminates energy transmission losses, 00:04:40.270 --> 00:04:42.550 align:middle line:84% enables the capture of free energy 00:04:42.550 --> 00:04:45.430 align:middle line:84% where there is concurrent heating and cooling on campus, 00:04:45.430 --> 00:04:50.110 align:middle line:84% and perhaps will tap into future subsidies. 00:04:50.110 --> 00:04:53.190 align:middle line:84% The Met building already demonstrates this, 00:04:53.190 --> 00:04:57.630 align:middle line:84% and that demonstration is underway. 00:04:57.630 --> 00:04:59.450 align:middle line:84% How is the campus heated and cooled now? 00:04:59.450 --> 00:05:02.670 align:middle line:84% It has a central utilities plant with cogeneration. 00:05:02.670 --> 00:05:05.030 align:middle line:90% It produces steam and hot water. 00:05:05.030 --> 00:05:07.710 align:middle line:84% It operates on a steam-driven chiller. 00:05:07.710 --> 00:05:11.540 align:middle line:84% It generates over 22 megawatts of electric power connected 00:05:11.540 --> 00:05:15.060 align:middle line:84% to steam distribution, connected to chilled water 00:05:15.060 --> 00:05:17.380 align:middle line:90% distribution to most buildings. 00:05:17.380 --> 00:05:22.660 align:middle line:84% And the cooling load is high and most affected by global warming. 00:05:22.660 --> 00:05:26.060 align:middle line:84% Decarbonization issues with the existing plant, 00:05:26.060 --> 00:05:30.380 align:middle line:84% the grid decarbonization is rapidly reducing carbon, 00:05:30.380 --> 00:05:33.940 align:middle line:84% once touted for a combined heat and power. 00:05:33.940 --> 00:05:36.500 align:middle line:90% Fossil fuel backup is necessary. 00:05:36.500 --> 00:05:40.340 align:middle line:84% Efficiency of 50% to 55% source to output. 00:05:40.340 --> 00:05:43.020 align:middle line:90% Low turndown rate of about 30%. 00:05:43.020 --> 00:05:45.820 align:middle line:84% High thermal losses in the steam distribution system 00:05:45.820 --> 00:05:47.700 align:middle line:90% of 10% to 20%. 00:05:47.700 --> 00:05:52.500 align:middle line:84% Nonzero losses in the chilled water system of 5% to 15%. 00:05:52.500 --> 00:05:57.260 align:middle line:84% And also the hot water district system have losses also. 00:05:57.260 --> 00:06:02.020 align:middle line:84% And hot water is what MIT's administration is currently 00:06:02.020 --> 00:06:09.240 align:middle line:84% seeming to embrace for its favored geothermal pathway 00:06:09.240 --> 00:06:11.210 align:middle line:90% option. 00:06:11.210 --> 00:06:15.050 align:middle line:84% How would the MITTEN plan heat and cool the campus? 00:06:15.050 --> 00:06:17.210 align:middle line:84% Distributed heat pumps connected to a network 00:06:17.210 --> 00:06:18.930 align:middle line:90% of sources and sinks. 00:06:18.930 --> 00:06:21.130 align:middle line:84% No one solution, since the buildings range 00:06:21.130 --> 00:06:23.650 align:middle line:90% over a history of 100 years. 00:06:23.650 --> 00:06:26.930 align:middle line:84% Use of building-to-building and building-in-building sources 00:06:26.930 --> 00:06:28.370 align:middle line:90% and sinks. 00:06:28.370 --> 00:06:31.770 align:middle line:84% Use of thermal energy storage and ground coupling 00:06:31.770 --> 00:06:34.450 align:middle line:84% with, as I've said, Cambridge Water, sewer, 00:06:34.450 --> 00:06:38.290 align:middle line:90% or ground thermal exchanges. 00:06:38.290 --> 00:06:41.850 align:middle line:84% We consider this a fifth or sixth generation district HVAC 00:06:41.850 --> 00:06:45.690 align:middle line:84% decarbonization transition with an ambient loop, 00:06:45.690 --> 00:06:49.050 align:middle line:84% two-pipe system, exhaust recovery, distributed water 00:06:49.050 --> 00:06:52.190 align:middle line:84% source heat pumps, thermal storage, air source heat pumps, 00:06:52.190 --> 00:06:55.050 align:middle line:84% and ground heat exchange, municipal water thermal, 00:06:55.050 --> 00:06:57.305 align:middle line:90% and other. 00:06:57.305 --> 00:07:02.730 align:middle line:84% And the chiller loop to the ambient loop conversion, 00:07:02.730 --> 00:07:08.090 align:middle line:84% we would use the same two pipes that exist already. 00:07:08.090 --> 00:07:14.520 align:middle line:84% First of all, the blue buildings have currently chiller loop. 00:07:14.520 --> 00:07:17.160 align:middle line:90% Oh, and I didn't say we have-- 00:07:17.160 --> 00:07:21.640 align:middle line:84% MIT administration provided us with a memorandum 00:07:21.640 --> 00:07:27.280 align:middle line:84% of understanding to test fit our idea to six buildings. 00:07:27.280 --> 00:07:31.240 align:middle line:84% And those six buildings are here. 00:07:31.240 --> 00:07:34.440 align:middle line:84% W20 is the Student Center, and the rest 00:07:34.440 --> 00:07:38.680 align:middle line:84% are the athletic complex, W31 to W35. 00:07:38.680 --> 00:07:41.080 align:middle line:84% And three of those buildings have-- 00:07:41.080 --> 00:07:44.280 align:middle line:84% the blue buildings-- have the chiller loop, 00:07:44.280 --> 00:07:45.900 align:middle line:90% but the other three do not. 00:07:45.900 --> 00:07:47.840 align:middle line:90% So our plan would-- 00:07:47.840 --> 00:07:50.880 align:middle line:84% for the test fit, would require the chiller loop 00:07:50.880 --> 00:07:52.480 align:middle line:90% to be added to these three-- 00:07:52.480 --> 00:07:52.980 align:middle line:90% excuse me. 00:07:52.980 --> 00:07:55.800 align:middle line:84% The ambient loop to be added to these three buildings, 00:07:55.800 --> 00:07:58.120 align:middle line:84% as represented by the green dots. 00:07:58.120 --> 00:08:02.920 align:middle line:84% Were our proposal for these buildings expanded 00:08:02.920 --> 00:08:08.440 align:middle line:84% to the whole campus, we would also need an ambient loop here. 00:08:08.440 --> 00:08:12.760 align:middle line:84% Those were the only two places that we would need to do work. 00:08:12.760 --> 00:08:15.750 align:middle line:84% And I meant to say that here are the six 00:08:15.750 --> 00:08:20.930 align:middle line:84% buildings on a graph of the EUIs of a number of the buildings-- 00:08:20.930 --> 00:08:23.070 align:middle line:84% not all the buildings, but most of the buildings. 00:08:23.070 --> 00:08:29.710 align:middle line:84% And MIT has very high EUIs with the lab buildings being-- 00:08:29.710 --> 00:08:39.270 align:middle line:84% ah, backwards-- the worst performing buildings. 00:08:39.270 --> 00:08:42.150 align:middle line:84% And what's interesting is that these six buildings 00:08:42.150 --> 00:08:52.070 align:middle line:84% represent quite a huge span of the campus current EUIs. 00:08:52.070 --> 00:09:00.310 align:middle line:84% So this is where in W33 the ambient loop would run. 00:09:00.310 --> 00:09:05.830 align:middle line:84% And this is the cluster from above 00:09:05.830 --> 00:09:09.270 align:middle line:84% on which the ambient loop that you just saw 00:09:09.270 --> 00:09:15.820 align:middle line:84% would be running from the chilled water loop 00:09:15.820 --> 00:09:21.380 align:middle line:84% connection through what you just saw, and through this building 00:09:21.380 --> 00:09:24.220 align:middle line:84% and into this building and also into W20. 00:09:24.220 --> 00:09:27.020 align:middle line:84% We would also put solar collectors 00:09:27.020 --> 00:09:32.580 align:middle line:84% on these wonderful flat roofs that are hidden from view. 00:09:32.580 --> 00:09:39.460 align:middle line:84% And we would put on the roof of W20, the Student Center, 00:09:39.460 --> 00:09:44.140 align:middle line:84% multistack heat pump units where there's already space for that. 00:09:44.140 --> 00:09:50.060 align:middle line:84% We would put, as one option, multistacks in W34 as well. 00:09:50.060 --> 00:09:56.940 align:middle line:84% Perhaps another option would be the AAON SA-23 in W34. 00:09:56.940 --> 00:10:02.460 align:middle line:84% And then to compare, a central plant four-pipe distribution 00:10:02.460 --> 00:10:05.140 align:middle line:84% system, as is being proposed, you 00:10:05.140 --> 00:10:11.660 align:middle line:84% can see that MIT currently has installed hot water 00:10:11.660 --> 00:10:13.820 align:middle line:90% pipes in the Sloan complex. 00:10:13.820 --> 00:10:17.380 align:middle line:84% It represents about 15% of the campus. 00:10:17.380 --> 00:10:22.730 align:middle line:84% And the consultant's plan would require hot water pipes 00:10:22.730 --> 00:10:26.370 align:middle line:90% with, I believe, 180 to-- 00:10:26.370 --> 00:10:31.650 align:middle line:84% they call it low-temperature pipes, but not so low-- 00:10:31.650 --> 00:10:37.250 align:middle line:84% 180 to 240, I believe, degrees Fahrenheit hot water 00:10:37.250 --> 00:10:38.570 align:middle line:90% in these pipes. 00:10:38.570 --> 00:10:42.470 align:middle line:84% And all of this would need to be installed. 00:10:42.470 --> 00:10:45.810 align:middle line:84% And of course, that would need steel pipes 00:10:45.810 --> 00:10:52.540 align:middle line:84% and insulated pipes as opposed to the ambient loop small areas 00:10:52.540 --> 00:10:53.040 align:middle line:90% here. 00:10:53.040 --> 00:10:55.690 align:middle line:90% 00:10:55.690 --> 00:11:02.890 align:middle line:84% The central thermal plant has heat losses in transmission. 00:11:02.890 --> 00:11:12.250 align:middle line:84% It starts off with a lower COP and MITTEN's has limited heat 00:11:12.250 --> 00:11:16.700 align:middle line:84% losses because of each heat pump being in the building itself. 00:11:16.700 --> 00:11:19.890 align:middle line:90% 00:11:19.890 --> 00:11:20.390 align:middle line:90% So 00:11:20.390 --> 00:11:24.750 align:middle line:84% To sum up a kind of top line comparison of approaches. 00:11:24.750 --> 00:11:27.370 align:middle line:84% Both approaches meet building HVAC specs. 00:11:27.370 --> 00:11:30.830 align:middle line:84% Both approaches achieve zero emissions. 00:11:30.830 --> 00:11:34.670 align:middle line:84% Our approach achieves those emissions by 2035 00:11:34.670 --> 00:11:39.030 align:middle line:84% were we to start this year with a pilot on the existing 00:11:39.030 --> 00:11:42.190 align:middle line:90% six-building complex. 00:11:42.190 --> 00:11:44.350 align:middle line:84% Ours is minimally disruptive, as you 00:11:44.350 --> 00:11:46.630 align:middle line:84% saw, with the ambient loop only needing 00:11:46.630 --> 00:11:49.990 align:middle line:90% to be extended in a few places. 00:11:49.990 --> 00:11:52.430 align:middle line:84% We need a pilot to confirm our projections 00:11:52.430 --> 00:11:57.310 align:middle line:84% and to learn, as the heat Eversource demonstration has 00:11:57.310 --> 00:11:59.130 align:middle line:90% learned, a tremendous amount. 00:11:59.130 --> 00:12:01.590 align:middle line:84% We need to do that learning on the MIT campus 00:12:01.590 --> 00:12:03.110 align:middle line:90% by a real project. 00:12:03.110 --> 00:12:05.090 align:middle line:90% It's easy to upgrade over time. 00:12:05.090 --> 00:12:06.750 align:middle line:90% It's fiscally responsible. 00:12:06.750 --> 00:12:09.350 align:middle line:84% And it's unclear whether MIT will seriously 00:12:09.350 --> 00:12:13.390 align:middle line:90% consider our proposal. 00:12:13.390 --> 00:12:18.230 align:middle line:84% Our proposal we call a thermal transition leapfrog. 00:12:18.230 --> 00:12:22.700 align:middle line:84% And would go from the existing chiller plant to a distributed 00:12:22.700 --> 00:12:24.700 align:middle line:90% energy network. 00:12:24.700 --> 00:12:26.640 align:middle line:84% So finally, at the end of the day, 00:12:26.640 --> 00:12:29.040 align:middle line:84% the project is not just about public relations, 00:12:29.040 --> 00:12:31.340 align:middle line:84% but it should result in real progress. 00:12:31.340 --> 00:12:34.340 align:middle line:84% The central utility plant will play an important role 00:12:34.340 --> 00:12:36.220 align:middle line:90% in the MITTEN solution. 00:12:36.220 --> 00:12:38.100 align:middle line:90% Our plan is available now. 00:12:38.100 --> 00:12:40.100 align:middle line:84% We're using off-the-shelf equipment. 00:12:40.100 --> 00:12:41.400 align:middle line:90% It's cost effective. 00:12:41.400 --> 00:12:43.580 align:middle line:84% It will eliminate carbon emissions 00:12:43.580 --> 00:12:45.700 align:middle line:90% and be minimally disruptive. 00:12:45.700 --> 00:12:47.700 align:middle line:84% We feel that we can show the world 00:12:47.700 --> 00:12:49.960 align:middle line:84% and demonstrate to other campuses, 00:12:49.960 --> 00:12:53.620 align:middle line:84% not only in Boston area or across North America, 00:12:53.620 --> 00:12:55.660 align:middle line:84% but around the world, that this is 00:12:55.660 --> 00:13:01.220 align:middle line:84% an approach that is cost effective, rapid, and doable. 00:13:01.220 --> 00:13:04.260 align:middle line:84% MIT's the world's leading research institute 00:13:04.260 --> 00:13:07.700 align:middle line:84% and should do something that's not just a cookie 00:13:07.700 --> 00:13:12.300 align:middle line:84% cutter that other campuses have already done, 00:13:12.300 --> 00:13:16.340 align:middle line:84% like Princeton or like Stanford, and it 00:13:16.340 --> 00:13:18.660 align:middle line:90% is a centralized approach. 00:13:18.660 --> 00:13:25.690 align:middle line:84% And we need to do a pilot and advocate for that for 2025 00:13:25.690 --> 00:13:30.530 align:middle line:84% so that we can get to net zero by 2035. 00:13:30.530 --> 00:13:32.970 align:middle line:84% And I'll close with words of Sally Kornbluth 00:13:32.970 --> 00:13:34.390 align:middle line:90% at her inauguration. 00:13:34.390 --> 00:13:36.810 align:middle line:84% Climate change and its mounting consequence 00:13:36.810 --> 00:13:39.330 align:middle line:84% is the greatest scientific and societal challenge 00:13:39.330 --> 00:13:40.970 align:middle line:90% of this or any age. 00:13:40.970 --> 00:13:44.210 align:middle line:84% We need energy and expertise from every MIT school 00:13:44.210 --> 00:13:47.130 align:middle line:84% and college, and from every lab and every center, 00:13:47.130 --> 00:13:49.010 align:middle line:84% from every member of the faculty, 00:13:49.010 --> 00:13:51.490 align:middle line:90% and from every one of you. 00:13:51.490 --> 00:13:53.410 align:middle line:90% So thank you. 00:13:53.410 --> 00:13:57.770 align:middle line:84% And I think I want to end really with this slide. 00:13:57.770 --> 00:14:00.290 align:middle line:90% We want to get there by 2035. 00:14:00.290 --> 00:14:03.330 align:middle line:84% And we're asking MIT, when can we start? 00:14:03.330 --> 00:14:06.680 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 00:14:06.680 --> 00:14:26.000 align:middle line:90%