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CHRIS RABE: Everyone
can hear me?

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How's everyone doing?

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Good?

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Great.

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So my name is Chris Rabe.

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I'm the Education
Program Director here

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at MIT's Environmental
Solutions Initiative.

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It's really important for
me to talk about that,

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quickly, that I come at this
from an educational lens.

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And a lot of my
projects are about

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trying to integrate climate
justice or environmental justice

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into educational
contexts, both at MIT,

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or in other institutions of
higher education, and even in K

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through 12.

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So this is a really
high level discussion

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on how Geothermal Energy
Networks, or GENs,

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can meet environmental
justice priorities.

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So just a quick overview--

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I'm going to go over
an EJ framework,

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define environmental justice.

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I'll probably say
EJ a lot right now.

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I'm going to review EJ concerns
with existing gas networks,

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talk about how GENs can meet
EJ priorities, and then really

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briefly, talk about
some next steps.

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How can we better integrate
EJ into this kind of work?

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So let's define environmental
justice really quickly.

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What is environmental justice?

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I think it's important to
remember that environmental

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justice is a movement that
started in the early 1980s,

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as people of color and
other vulnerable groups,

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like Indigenous people,
protested the inequitable

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placement of environmental
harms in their community.

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And this was happening in
the United States and all

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around the world.

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Here you can see a
really famous protest

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in Warren County,
North Carolina,

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where African-American
communities tried

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to block the delivery of toxic
PCB waste into their landfills

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around them.

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So that famous protest
is cited in a lot

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of environmental
justice studies,

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and it led to these two
landmark reports that

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used, GIS technology
to show and prove

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that, yes, environmental
harms were inequitably

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placed in communities of color
and low-income communities.

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That led to the
Environmental Protection

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Agency and a definition
of environmental justice.

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This is a basic definition
that all people have the right

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to a healthy and safe
environment, regardless

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of their social identity.

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There's been a lot of
theory, new work on defining

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environmental justice, so I
recommend checking out David

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Pellow, who has this term
called "critical environmental

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justice," or looking up
Kimberlé Crenshaw's notion

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of intersectionality, if you
want to go do a deeper dive

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on new definitions of
environmental justice.

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So those two landmark
reports helped form a field

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of environmental justice.

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And maybe some of you
are familiar with things

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like climate justice or
maybe energy justice, which

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is most directly connected to
today and tomorrow's class.

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So you can see this movement has
splintered into different areas

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and fields.

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It has expanded in breadth,
and depth, and methodology.

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And so the environmental
justice work that was being done

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in the mid 1980s is totally
different from the work

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that's being done now.

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I like to point out that
environmental justice helped

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redefine the environment.

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So I think if you look at
American environmentalism,

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the environment was pristine
and natural wilderness.

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And a lot of focus was
on nature preservation.

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But the founder of environmental
justice, Robert Bullard,

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always talks about
how the environment is

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where we live, work, and
play, or study, or worship,

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and the environment
is all around us,

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which I think is so connected
to the built environment,

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in this two-day conference.

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And also, environmental justice
helps theorize or conceptualize,

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think about, what is
justice or what is equity?

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So I kind of want to talk
about network geothermal

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through this prism, through
different forms of justice.

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So I think a lot of people
think about social justice,

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they're thinking usually
about distributive justice.

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How are we allocating resources?

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But they often don't think
about participative justice.

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Who has a seat at the table?

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Whose voices are
being listened to?

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And I think this is
a critical component

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as we move forward with
addressing the climate crisis.

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Or there's also
procedural justice.

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When you start a project, what
are the different checkpoints

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of the project to check in to
see, are we involving everybody?

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How are laws and
policies going forward?

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There's recognition.

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Who's getting recognition
for this work?

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Who's involved, et cetera?

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I think recognition
is very connected

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to participative and procedural.

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There's historic or
restorative justice,

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acknowledging the
problems of the past,

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and then when we're engaging
in projects, focusing

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in on groups who haven't
historically been included.

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And then there's
epistemic justice,

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which I like to just
say, knowledge justice.

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Are we making sure we're
listening to the voices

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and experiences and stories of
those who have been historically

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marginalized in discussions?

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So let's talk about some
EJ concerns in the energy

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transition, or in
relation to GENs,

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through that prism of justice
that I just mentioned.

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I won't mention all of
those in these concerns.

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But you can see how
they're intertwined.

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So I think it's really
important to just point out

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that buildings account
for 30% of US emissions.

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And half of that comes
from on-site combustion.

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I think Christopher Reinhard
talked about that, Jason Jay

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already.

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This is like an
injustice for all.

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Also, I think discussed
by Christopher Reinhard

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was how right now, we have
an individual home market

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model, where if I want to
redo my energy system at home,

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it's under my discretion
or responsibility

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to learn about that and
go through the process.

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And it's pretty challenging.

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I'm still working through that.

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No one tells you that when
you put in heat pumps,

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there's no heat
for the bathrooms,

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or there's no heat
for your basement.

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This is just a
little silly example.

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But I think that a lot of
people in Massachusetts,

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around the country, lack
literacy about this.

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And this can
exacerbate inequity.

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As people make the transition
to renewable energy,

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the gas customer
base will go down.

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And this has showed
that this will

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put a burden on
low-income communities

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because their rates will go up.

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So you can see, one
study showed that this

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will double the economic burden
on low-income families by 2050.

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As the gas customer
base goes down,

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this can also make gas
utilities vulnerable.

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And finally, there
are gas leaks, which

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have already been discussed.

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So this is a health
and safety concern.

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So how can geothermal energy
networks meet those EJ problems

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that I just discussed?

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So I think this slide
is almost like a justice

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for all slide, which
I think there's always

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some tension in
the EJ movement, is

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we need to acknowledge that the
injustices have been inequitable

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among different groups.

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But then there's also
injustices that we all face.

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So network geothermal can
decrease carbon emissions

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by a lot.

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And then also, it can lead to
a lot of savings at a community

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level and also have an increased
energy efficiency, where

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there's less peak demand on the
grid or significant savings.

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Also, just mentioning,
again, gas leaks

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are really problematic for our
health and the environment.

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And we can move to
a safe and healthy,

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reliable heating
and cooling system,

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which is a better model
for gas utilities.

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And we can better address urban
heat islands, where I know here,

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even in Massachusetts, there's
a ton of communities that lack

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adequate access to cooling.

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So, thinking a little bit
more about the distribution

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and sharing of
energy resources, I

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think one thing that's
really interesting

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and I'm just learning more about
is how a geothermal loop can

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share heating and cooling across
different kinds of buildings.

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So there's one ongoing
project in Chelsea, New York,

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where a data center is on a loop
with a public housing community.

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And data centers will
release extra heat.

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And that can be used
by another community.

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So here you see a
building infrastructure

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with different
kinds of resources

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being able to more
equitably share that.

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Or one of the first, or the
first, network geothermal

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or geothermal project in Boston
is in Dorchester in the Franklin

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Field community.

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And so network geothermal allows
us to prioritize EJ communities

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when we can provide
heating and cooling

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to every building
on the network,

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regardless of the residents'
income level or homeownership

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status, which I think
addresses this idea

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that only wealthier families
or families with literacy

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can redo their
appliances in their home.

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Finally, I think this one is
the most interesting to me.

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How do we engage the
community and make

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sure all stakeholders
and all groups

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are involved in the
process when we're engaging

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in network geothermal work?

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So this again, goes
from an individual

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to the community level.

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We need community engagement.

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This is the project in
Framingham, the Framingham Loop,

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where a number of
different communities

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from different contexts had
to be involved in the project.

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And then we need to engage
in stakeholder assessment

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and engagement.

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There are renewable
energy projects

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all around the country
that get halted

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because one particular community
blocks the project because they

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hadn't been involved in
the process until later on.

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So there's actually
a course here

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at MIT called the Renewable
Energy Facility Siting Clinic

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Course--

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that's quite a mouthful--
where they actually

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teach students how to do
that stakeholder engagement.

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And I'm trying to learn as
much about that as I can.

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So I guess maybe you
could see a little bit how

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these forms of
justice interconnected

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in those solutions
and thinking of this

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as a framework for
future geothermal work.

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So just really quickly,
what do we do in the future?

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We need more legislation.

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I've got tons of time.

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We need more legislation.

00:09:35.470 --> 00:09:40.480 align:middle line:84%
I think environmental
justice has historical roots

00:09:40.480 --> 00:09:43.400 align:middle line:90%
in law and policy.

00:09:43.400 --> 00:09:45.110 align:middle line:90%
So we need to do that.

00:09:45.110 --> 00:09:48.170 align:middle line:84%
I think we need improved
participation across sectors.

00:09:48.170 --> 00:09:51.130 align:middle line:84%
I think the work that heat
does is so incredible,

00:09:51.130 --> 00:09:55.520 align:middle line:84%
where the energy
utilities are involved,

00:09:55.520 --> 00:09:58.198 align:middle line:84%
government is involved,
education is involved,

00:09:58.198 --> 00:09:59.740 align:middle line:84%
community organizations
are involved,

00:09:59.740 --> 00:10:01.532 align:middle line:84%
and then individual
residents are involved.

00:10:01.532 --> 00:10:02.690 align:middle line:90%
This is incredible work.

00:10:02.690 --> 00:10:06.380 align:middle line:84%
It takes so much thought
and process to do that.

00:10:06.380 --> 00:10:08.810 align:middle line:84%
And we need education
and awareness.

00:10:08.810 --> 00:10:12.670 align:middle line:84%
So most people are still
confusing the different kinds

00:10:12.670 --> 00:10:13.460 align:middle line:90%
of geothermal.

00:10:13.460 --> 00:10:15.300 align:middle line:84%
They're confusing
deep geothermal

00:10:15.300 --> 00:10:17.080 align:middle line:90%
with shallow geothermal.

00:10:17.080 --> 00:10:21.600 align:middle line:84%
A lot of people don't know that
this is a viable energy resource

00:10:21.600 --> 00:10:23.070 align:middle line:90%
moving into the future.

00:10:23.070 --> 00:10:25.890 align:middle line:84%
And so we need that at
the K through 12 level

00:10:25.890 --> 00:10:27.520 align:middle line:84%
and at the level
of higher education

00:10:27.520 --> 00:10:29.410 align:middle line:84%
and then also in
informal spaces.

00:10:29.410 --> 00:10:31.830 align:middle line:84%
This is a term used in the
literature, where we're just

00:10:31.830 --> 00:10:34.770 align:middle line:84%
working with individual people
and community residents.

00:10:34.770 --> 00:10:38.460 align:middle line:84%
And then we need action at
all different kinds of levels.

00:10:38.460 --> 00:10:41.440 align:middle line:84%
So that's political
action and communication.

00:10:41.440 --> 00:10:45.270 align:middle line:84%
And so I just kind of have
this reflection question here

00:10:45.270 --> 00:10:49.200 align:middle line:84%
is, how can we make sure that
an EJ framework, or a framework

00:10:49.200 --> 00:10:51.960 align:middle line:84%
of different forms
of justice, is

00:10:51.960 --> 00:10:55.380 align:middle line:84%
included in future geothermal
energy network projects?

00:10:55.380 --> 00:10:59.310 align:middle line:84%
How can we make sure that all
forms of justice are considered?

00:10:59.310 --> 00:11:01.030 align:middle line:90%
So thank you for your attention.

00:11:01.030 --> 00:11:05.436 align:middle line:90%
[APPLAUSE]

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