WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:00.150 align:middle line:90% 00:00:00.150 --> 00:00:02.520 align:middle line:84% The following content is provided under a Creative 00:00:02.520 --> 00:00:04.059 align:middle line:90% Commons license. 00:00:04.059 --> 00:00:06.360 align:middle line:84% Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:06.360 --> 00:00:10.720 align:middle line:84% continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 00:00:10.720 --> 00:00:13.350 align:middle line:84% To make a donation or view additional materials 00:00:13.350 --> 00:00:17.280 align:middle line:84% from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 00:00:17.280 --> 00:00:18.450 align:middle line:90% at ocw.mit.edu. 00:00:18.450 --> 00:00:28.944 align:middle line:90% 00:00:28.944 --> 00:00:30.423 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 00:00:30.423 --> 00:00:31.434 align:middle line:90% 00:00:31.434 --> 00:00:33.100 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Thank you very much. 00:00:33.100 --> 00:00:34.150 align:middle line:90% Good afternoon, everyone. 00:00:34.150 --> 00:00:35.490 align:middle line:90% It's almost evening. 00:00:35.490 --> 00:00:37.890 align:middle line:84% It's a pleasure to be back at MIT. 00:00:37.890 --> 00:00:40.740 align:middle line:84% It's always a pleasure to be back in the Boston area 00:00:40.740 --> 00:00:42.570 align:middle line:84% because this is where we first lived, 00:00:42.570 --> 00:00:46.680 align:middle line:84% when my family and I came to the United States in 1957. 00:00:46.680 --> 00:00:50.700 align:middle line:84% In fact, we arrived here September 17, 1957. 00:00:50.700 --> 00:00:53.636 align:middle line:84% My dad came as a visiting professor to Harvard 00:00:53.636 --> 00:00:55.260 align:middle line:84% from the American University of Beirut. 00:00:55.260 --> 00:00:57.629 align:middle line:84% And then Harvard said, stay another year stay, 00:00:57.629 --> 00:00:58.170 align:middle line:90% another year. 00:00:58.170 --> 00:01:00.600 align:middle line:90% He never went back. 00:01:00.600 --> 00:01:02.730 align:middle line:84% So I enrolled at Boston University. 00:01:02.730 --> 00:01:04.260 align:middle line:90% My dad then moved to NIH. 00:01:04.260 --> 00:01:06.210 align:middle line:84% Both my parents are deceased now. 00:01:06.210 --> 00:01:08.400 align:middle line:84% But the Boston area is very special to us 00:01:08.400 --> 00:01:10.200 align:middle line:84% because it was the first place that we 00:01:10.200 --> 00:01:14.490 align:middle line:84% lived in this great and wonderful country of ours. 00:01:14.490 --> 00:01:16.410 align:middle line:84% And then, I'm very, very happy to be back 00:01:16.410 --> 00:01:19.260 align:middle line:84% as a guest of Professor Lippert, and the students in his class, 00:01:19.260 --> 00:01:21.000 align:middle line:90% and the colleagues. 00:01:21.000 --> 00:01:23.363 align:middle line:84% And I promise you a good time, if you pay attention. 00:01:23.363 --> 00:01:24.229 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:01:24.229 --> 00:01:26.269 align:middle line:90% 00:01:26.269 --> 00:01:27.810 align:middle line:84% So what I really would like you to do 00:01:27.810 --> 00:01:30.210 align:middle line:84% is sit back and relax because I'm 00:01:30.210 --> 00:01:33.630 align:middle line:84% going to share with you, to begin with, 00:01:33.630 --> 00:01:36.390 align:middle line:84% some important convictions about what it is that we do 00:01:36.390 --> 00:01:40.350 align:middle line:90% in science and why we do it. 00:01:40.350 --> 00:01:42.540 align:middle line:84% I wish I had more time to go in depth. 00:01:42.540 --> 00:01:47.400 align:middle line:84% But I just want to go quickly through some 00:01:47.400 --> 00:01:51.370 align:middle line:84% of these convictions that I hold very deeply. 00:01:51.370 --> 00:01:54.999 align:middle line:84% So let's see if this is going to work here. 00:01:54.999 --> 00:01:56.040 align:middle line:90% I want to see your faces. 00:01:56.040 --> 00:01:56.540 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:01:56.540 --> 00:02:00.130 align:middle line:90% I can still see your faces. 00:02:00.130 --> 00:02:02.750 align:middle line:84% So Science is Fun and the Joy of Learning. 00:02:02.750 --> 00:02:04.320 align:middle line:84% That's the title of my presentation, 00:02:04.320 --> 00:02:07.440 align:middle line:84% Science is Fun and the Joy of Learning. 00:02:07.440 --> 00:02:09.960 align:middle line:84% And every word is carefully selected. 00:02:09.960 --> 00:02:12.040 align:middle line:84% You know, English is my second language. 00:02:12.040 --> 00:02:15.810 align:middle line:84% So I think about every word and its meaning. 00:02:15.810 --> 00:02:17.760 align:middle line:84% I also want to say that it's a pleasure for me 00:02:17.760 --> 00:02:21.900 align:middle line:84% to see some old friends here, but also to make new friends. 00:02:21.900 --> 00:02:26.190 align:middle line:84% And to see someone who watched me in Singapore, when 00:02:26.190 --> 00:02:27.437 align:middle line:90% I was in Singapore-- 00:02:27.437 --> 00:02:28.020 align:middle line:90% Where are you? 00:02:28.020 --> 00:02:29.910 align:middle line:90% Right there, yeah, yeah-- 00:02:29.910 --> 00:02:31.320 align:middle line:90% about three years ago. 00:02:31.320 --> 00:02:35.670 align:middle line:90% So welcome. 00:02:35.670 --> 00:02:42.040 align:middle line:84% So what I'd like to say to you immediately, 00:02:42.040 --> 00:02:45.750 align:middle line:84% that your brain and my brain will 00:02:45.750 --> 00:02:48.720 align:middle line:84% be different after this presentation, 00:02:48.720 --> 00:02:50.820 align:middle line:90% if you pay attention. 00:02:50.820 --> 00:02:54.750 align:middle line:84% If you don't pay attention, I can't do much about it. 00:02:54.750 --> 00:03:00.930 align:middle line:84% But both my brain and your brain will be different. 00:03:00.930 --> 00:03:05.040 align:middle line:84% 35, 40 years ago, when students went to medical school, 00:03:05.040 --> 00:03:07.880 align:middle line:84% they were told that the brain is an organ. 00:03:07.880 --> 00:03:10.200 align:middle line:90% It doesn't change very much. 00:03:10.200 --> 00:03:11.890 align:middle line:90% But now we know more. 00:03:11.890 --> 00:03:14.910 align:middle line:84% Through the neurosciences, we know a lot more. 00:03:14.910 --> 00:03:17.280 align:middle line:90% We know about plasticity. 00:03:17.280 --> 00:03:19.890 align:middle line:84% In fact, changes in the brain happen. 00:03:19.890 --> 00:03:22.090 align:middle line:84% That's what education is all about. 00:03:22.090 --> 00:03:25.290 align:middle line:84% That's what learning is about, if those changes were not 00:03:25.290 --> 00:03:26.560 align:middle line:90% happening. 00:03:26.560 --> 00:03:30.210 align:middle line:84% So I just want to share with you the importance of being 00:03:30.210 --> 00:03:32.430 align:middle line:90% focused and paying attention. 00:03:32.430 --> 00:03:38.150 align:middle line:84% We live in the most advanced society in humankind. 00:03:38.150 --> 00:03:40.610 align:middle line:84% And these advances are due to advances in science 00:03:40.610 --> 00:03:43.580 align:middle line:90% and in technology. 00:03:43.580 --> 00:03:47.360 align:middle line:84% I want you to think of this statement I just made. 00:03:47.360 --> 00:03:49.610 align:middle line:84% Everything we enjoy now is the result 00:03:49.610 --> 00:03:52.430 align:middle line:84% of advances in science and in technology. 00:03:52.430 --> 00:03:54.890 align:middle line:84% The advances are so great, much greater 00:03:54.890 --> 00:03:57.380 align:middle line:84% than we knew 50 years ago when I first 00:03:57.380 --> 00:04:01.100 align:middle line:84% came to this country, or a hundred years ago, 00:04:01.100 --> 00:04:05.150 align:middle line:84% or 200 years ago, or 500 years ago, a thousand years ago. 00:04:05.150 --> 00:04:10.400 align:middle line:84% A long time ago, technology drove society. 00:04:10.400 --> 00:04:12.680 align:middle line:90% The printing press was invented. 00:04:12.680 --> 00:04:17.899 align:middle line:84% Electricity lit the world before we learned about the electron, 00:04:17.899 --> 00:04:19.700 align:middle line:84% before the electron was discovered. 00:04:19.700 --> 00:04:21.260 align:middle line:84% There are all kinds of connections 00:04:21.260 --> 00:04:23.480 align:middle line:90% between science and technology. 00:04:23.480 --> 00:04:27.950 align:middle line:84% But nowadays, it's science that drives technology. 00:04:27.950 --> 00:04:29.420 align:middle line:90% Our ancestors were very good. 00:04:29.420 --> 00:04:30.260 align:middle line:90% They built cities. 00:04:30.260 --> 00:04:31.370 align:middle line:90% They built canals. 00:04:31.370 --> 00:04:33.020 align:middle line:90% They built pyramids. 00:04:33.020 --> 00:04:35.520 align:middle line:84% But now, we can build pyramids at the atomic level. 00:04:35.520 --> 00:04:37.460 align:middle line:90% You've seen pictures of them. 00:04:37.460 --> 00:04:40.310 align:middle line:84% A great deal of wonderful transformations 00:04:40.310 --> 00:04:43.430 align:middle line:84% have happened because of advances in science 00:04:43.430 --> 00:04:45.230 align:middle line:90% and in technology. 00:04:45.230 --> 00:04:49.660 align:middle line:84% And it is the brain, our brain, that is 00:04:49.660 --> 00:04:52.640 align:middle line:90% responsible for those changes. 00:04:52.640 --> 00:04:57.010 align:middle line:84% We're all capable of doing good things, each one of us. 00:04:57.010 --> 00:05:00.730 align:middle line:84% And each one of us is capable of doing evil. 00:05:00.730 --> 00:05:03.340 align:middle line:84% And that's why we have to be selective about how 00:05:03.340 --> 00:05:06.070 align:middle line:84% we use the results of those advances in science 00:05:06.070 --> 00:05:07.450 align:middle line:90% and in technology. 00:05:07.450 --> 00:05:10.090 align:middle line:84% These are different parts of the control mechanisms 00:05:10.090 --> 00:05:13.390 align:middle line:84% that we know about now for the brain. 00:05:13.390 --> 00:05:18.480 align:middle line:84% So please pay attention and bear with me. 00:05:18.480 --> 00:05:21.120 align:middle line:84% You came to see some experiments and some demonstrations. 00:05:21.120 --> 00:05:22.450 align:middle line:90% I promise I will get to them. 00:05:22.450 --> 00:05:23.302 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:05:23.302 --> 00:05:24.510 align:middle line:90% I promise I will get to them. 00:05:24.510 --> 00:05:29.280 align:middle line:84% But I want you to understand the perspective and the context 00:05:29.280 --> 00:05:32.400 align:middle line:84% for doing those experiments and those demonstrations. 00:05:32.400 --> 00:05:35.460 align:middle line:84% So we all like to say that chemistry 00:05:35.460 --> 00:05:36.640 align:middle line:90% is the central science. 00:05:36.640 --> 00:05:38.700 align:middle line:90% And it is the central science. 00:05:38.700 --> 00:05:41.592 align:middle line:84% I like to say it's the familiar science. 00:05:41.592 --> 00:05:43.050 align:middle line:84% In fact, what I'd like to say, it's 00:05:43.050 --> 00:05:46.290 align:middle line:84% the science of the familiar because everything around us 00:05:46.290 --> 00:05:47.910 align:middle line:90% is made of chemicals. 00:05:47.910 --> 00:05:49.740 align:middle line:84% The air that we breathe is a mixture 00:05:49.740 --> 00:05:51.900 align:middle line:90% of usually good chemicals. 00:05:51.900 --> 00:05:54.000 align:middle line:84% The food that we eat is a mixture of chemicals. 00:05:54.000 --> 00:05:56.610 align:middle line:84% The clothes that we wear are made of chemicals. 00:05:56.610 --> 00:05:58.710 align:middle line:84% Our own bodies are made of chemicals. 00:05:58.710 --> 00:06:00.240 align:middle line:84% What goes on inside our bodies is 00:06:00.240 --> 00:06:03.450 align:middle line:84% nothing but a series of biochemical reactions. 00:06:03.450 --> 00:06:06.210 align:middle line:84% The medicine that we take when we are sick 00:06:06.210 --> 00:06:07.490 align:middle line:90% is a mixture of chemicals. 00:06:07.490 --> 00:06:10.390 align:middle line:90% 00:06:10.390 --> 00:06:12.540 align:middle line:84% The drugs that some people very stupidly 00:06:12.540 --> 00:06:15.195 align:middle line:90% experiment with are chemicals. 00:06:15.195 --> 00:06:16.380 align:middle line:90% Ah, some of you are smiling. 00:06:16.380 --> 00:06:19.810 align:middle line:90% I'm connecting with the already. 00:06:19.810 --> 00:06:22.700 align:middle line:84% That's why we need to learn about chemicals, 00:06:22.700 --> 00:06:26.560 align:middle line:84% their proper handling, safe handling, proper disposal, 00:06:26.560 --> 00:06:27.520 align:middle line:90% their benefits. 00:06:27.520 --> 00:06:30.280 align:middle line:84% It's so complex, but it's beautiful. 00:06:30.280 --> 00:06:31.660 align:middle line:90% Beauty is part of science. 00:06:31.660 --> 00:06:34.585 align:middle line:84% It's an essential part of science. 00:06:34.585 --> 00:06:36.460 align:middle line:84% Now having told you that everything around us 00:06:36.460 --> 00:06:38.668 align:middle line:84% is made of chemicals, I'd like to ask each one of you 00:06:38.668 --> 00:06:40.910 align:middle line:90% right now to reach out. 00:06:40.910 --> 00:06:42.430 align:middle line:90% It's OK, Lou. 00:06:42.430 --> 00:06:45.088 align:middle line:90% It's part of the effect. 00:06:45.088 --> 00:06:46.870 align:middle line:84% It already had the same effect on you. 00:06:46.870 --> 00:06:48.280 align:middle line:90% So that's good. 00:06:48.280 --> 00:06:50.104 align:middle line:84% I'd like to ask each one of you right now 00:06:50.104 --> 00:06:51.520 align:middle line:84% to reach out and touch a chemical. 00:06:51.520 --> 00:06:53.220 align:middle line:90% Go ahead and do it right now. 00:06:53.220 --> 00:06:54.970 align:middle line:84% Somebody's tapping on somebody's shoulder. 00:06:54.970 --> 00:06:56.140 align:middle line:84% Somebody's is pulling somebody's hair. 00:06:56.140 --> 00:06:57.220 align:middle line:90% Don't pull it too long. 00:06:57.220 --> 00:06:58.810 align:middle line:84% Somebody is reaching out in the air. 00:06:58.810 --> 00:06:59.309 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:06:59.309 --> 00:07:00.770 align:middle line:90% Chemicals are all around us. 00:07:00.770 --> 00:07:05.470 align:middle line:84% And we want to learn and enjoy the beautiful chemical world 00:07:05.470 --> 00:07:06.160 align:middle line:90% that we live in. 00:07:06.160 --> 00:07:10.120 align:middle line:84% That's why I say chemistry is the science of the familiar. 00:07:10.120 --> 00:07:13.120 align:middle line:84% It's the science of the familiar. 00:07:13.120 --> 00:07:16.960 align:middle line:84% So I want to share with you for just a few short seconds 00:07:16.960 --> 00:07:20.920 align:middle line:84% the theme that I have selected for the American Chemical 00:07:20.920 --> 00:07:21.620 align:middle line:90% Society. 00:07:21.620 --> 00:07:24.160 align:middle line:84% As Professor Lippert said, I will be the president 00:07:24.160 --> 00:07:25.415 align:middle line:90% beginning January 1. 00:07:25.415 --> 00:07:27.040 align:middle line:84% But I'm not waiting till then because I 00:07:27.040 --> 00:07:29.810 align:middle line:84% want to get a good head start and get going. 00:07:29.810 --> 00:07:31.900 align:middle line:84% The theme I selected is advancing chemistry, 00:07:31.900 --> 00:07:34.750 align:middle line:84% communicating chemistry; advancing chemistry, 00:07:34.750 --> 00:07:38.290 align:middle line:84% communicating chemistry; advancing chemistry, 00:07:38.290 --> 00:07:40.450 align:middle line:90% communicating chemistry. 00:07:40.450 --> 00:07:42.730 align:middle line:84% And I want to call your attention to the ACS mission 00:07:42.730 --> 00:07:44.800 align:middle line:90% statement. 00:07:44.800 --> 00:07:46.840 align:middle line:84% One of the worst things that a presenter can do 00:07:46.840 --> 00:07:48.879 align:middle line:84% is show a slide and then proceed to read it. 00:07:48.879 --> 00:07:50.170 align:middle line:90% It's an insult to the audience. 00:07:50.170 --> 00:07:51.250 align:middle line:90% You can read it. 00:07:51.250 --> 00:07:52.016 align:middle line:90% But forgive me. 00:07:52.016 --> 00:07:53.140 align:middle line:90% I don't mean to insult you. 00:07:53.140 --> 00:07:56.320 align:middle line:84% I want to share with you the emphasis about this. 00:07:56.320 --> 00:08:00.130 align:middle line:84% So it says, "To advance the broader chemistry enterprise 00:08:00.130 --> 00:08:03.670 align:middle line:84% and its practitioners for the benefit of Earth 00:08:03.670 --> 00:08:05.120 align:middle line:90% and its people." 00:08:05.120 --> 00:08:09.190 align:middle line:84% Such a profound statement, I only wish I had written it. 00:08:09.190 --> 00:08:12.270 align:middle line:84% And then there's the ACS vision, "Improving people's lives 00:08:12.270 --> 00:08:14.440 align:middle line:84% through the transforming power of chemistry." 00:08:14.440 --> 00:08:16.900 align:middle line:84% "Transform" is a very powerful word. 00:08:16.900 --> 00:08:20.350 align:middle line:84% That's what happens to us when we become educated. 00:08:20.350 --> 00:08:23.620 align:middle line:84% This is what happens to us when we become learned individuals. 00:08:23.620 --> 00:08:26.050 align:middle line:84% This is what happens to societies when they 00:08:26.050 --> 00:08:27.640 align:middle line:90% become advanced and learned. 00:08:27.640 --> 00:08:31.050 align:middle line:90% They are transformed. 00:08:31.050 --> 00:08:33.419 align:middle line:90% I've selected four initiatives. 00:08:33.419 --> 00:08:35.309 align:middle line:84% Next year is the sesquicentennial 00:08:35.309 --> 00:08:37.140 align:middle line:90% of the Land Grant Act. 00:08:37.140 --> 00:08:38.850 align:middle line:84% And the Land Grant Act, as some of you 00:08:38.850 --> 00:08:41.580 align:middle line:84% know, and I'm about to tell you if you didn't know it, 00:08:41.580 --> 00:08:44.580 align:middle line:90% transformed America. 00:08:44.580 --> 00:08:46.710 align:middle line:90% MIT is a land grant institution. 00:08:46.710 --> 00:08:47.532 align:middle line:90% Did you know that? 00:08:47.532 --> 00:08:49.740 align:middle line:84% Raise your hand if you knew that MIT was a land grant 00:08:49.740 --> 00:08:50.350 align:middle line:90% institution. 00:08:50.350 --> 00:08:51.270 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:08:51.270 --> 00:08:54.060 align:middle line:84% Raise your hand now if you know that MIT is a land grant 00:08:54.060 --> 00:08:55.490 align:middle line:90% institution? 00:08:55.490 --> 00:08:56.460 align:middle line:90% Everybody-- right? 00:08:56.460 --> 00:08:58.620 align:middle line:84% I mean, look, I asked you to pay attention. 00:08:58.620 --> 00:09:00.010 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:09:00.010 --> 00:09:02.292 align:middle line:84% I said your brains will be different. 00:09:02.292 --> 00:09:03.750 align:middle line:84% My brain is being different already 00:09:03.750 --> 00:09:05.374 align:middle line:84% because I can tell from your reactions, 00:09:05.374 --> 00:09:09.420 align:middle line:84% when it is visual reactions, and also from your sound 00:09:09.420 --> 00:09:11.160 align:middle line:90% that you're sharing with me. 00:09:11.160 --> 00:09:14.220 align:middle line:84% So we're going to mark the sesquicentennial of the Land 00:09:14.220 --> 00:09:18.600 align:middle line:84% Grant Act at the national ACS meeting in San Diego 00:09:18.600 --> 00:09:21.480 align:middle line:84% and Philadelphia by looking retrospectively 00:09:21.480 --> 00:09:24.750 align:middle line:84% at what chemistry departments have done in the past 150 00:09:24.750 --> 00:09:25.440 align:middle line:90% years. 00:09:25.440 --> 00:09:27.880 align:middle line:84% So we educate ourselves about our heritage. 00:09:27.880 --> 00:09:29.422 align:middle line:84% What I'm really most interested in is 00:09:29.422 --> 00:09:31.463 align:middle line:84% what we're going to do in the future, what you're 00:09:31.463 --> 00:09:32.550 align:middle line:90% going to do in the future? 00:09:32.550 --> 00:09:34.450 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to be around much longer. 00:09:34.450 --> 00:09:35.380 align:middle line:90% I hope a long time. 00:09:35.380 --> 00:09:37.290 align:middle line:84% But not as long as you're going to be. 00:09:37.290 --> 00:09:39.180 align:middle line:90% So we want to be prospective. 00:09:39.180 --> 00:09:41.190 align:middle line:84% We want a glance in the real view mirror. 00:09:41.190 --> 00:09:43.440 align:middle line:84% But we want to look ahead so we can 00:09:43.440 --> 00:09:47.190 align:middle line:84% be participants and leaders in transformations that 00:09:47.190 --> 00:09:50.440 align:middle line:90% are good for our human society. 00:09:50.440 --> 00:09:54.540 align:middle line:84% Our second initiative deals with appointing a blue ribbon 00:09:54.540 --> 00:09:58.087 align:middle line:84% commission to examine the purposes of graduate education 00:09:58.087 --> 00:09:59.670 align:middle line:84% and research in the chemical sciences. 00:09:59.670 --> 00:10:01.200 align:middle line:90% Look at the purposes. 00:10:01.200 --> 00:10:05.160 align:middle line:84% Why do we have graduate programs in the chemical sciences? 00:10:05.160 --> 00:10:07.560 align:middle line:84% Has the German model served us well? 00:10:07.560 --> 00:10:10.399 align:middle line:84% Is it appropriate for the 21st century? 00:10:10.399 --> 00:10:11.940 align:middle line:84% We make promises to graduate students 00:10:11.940 --> 00:10:13.356 align:middle line:84% when they come to graduate school. 00:10:13.356 --> 00:10:15.210 align:middle line:90% Do we keep those promises? 00:10:15.210 --> 00:10:17.880 align:middle line:84% Look at the duration of the postdoctoral appointment now. 00:10:17.880 --> 00:10:19.630 align:middle line:90% It's getting longer and longer. 00:10:19.630 --> 00:10:21.420 align:middle line:84% So we talk about employment issues. 00:10:21.420 --> 00:10:24.060 align:middle line:84% We also look at the profile of the graduate students, 00:10:24.060 --> 00:10:27.930 align:middle line:84% diversity, as well as international part 00:10:27.930 --> 00:10:29.320 align:middle line:90% of the profile. 00:10:29.320 --> 00:10:31.890 align:middle line:84% And we want to, of course, remember 00:10:31.890 --> 00:10:34.620 align:middle line:84% that the graduate students were undergraduates before. 00:10:34.620 --> 00:10:36.767 align:middle line:84% And before that, they were in precollege. 00:10:36.767 --> 00:10:38.100 align:middle line:90% So we're going to segue to that. 00:10:38.100 --> 00:10:42.180 align:middle line:84% But the focus is on this level right now. 00:10:42.180 --> 00:10:44.130 align:middle line:90% There'll be listening sessions. 00:10:44.130 --> 00:10:47.780 align:middle line:84% There'll be opportunities to interact via email, webinars, 00:10:47.780 --> 00:10:50.190 align:middle line:84% with this blue ribbon commission that I have appointed. 00:10:50.190 --> 00:10:52.710 align:middle line:84% The third initiative is to help the public understand 00:10:52.710 --> 00:10:54.900 align:middle line:90% the science of climate change. 00:10:54.900 --> 00:10:57.990 align:middle line:84% The science of climate change, not the politics, 00:10:57.990 --> 00:11:01.050 align:middle line:84% not the economics, but the science of climate change. 00:11:01.050 --> 00:11:02.520 align:middle line:90% What is a greenhouse gas? 00:11:02.520 --> 00:11:04.290 align:middle line:90% What makes it a greenhouse gas? 00:11:04.290 --> 00:11:07.650 align:middle line:84% Did you know that any molecule with three atoms or more 00:11:07.650 --> 00:11:09.590 align:middle line:84% in the gaseous phase is a greenhouse gas? 00:11:09.590 --> 00:11:10.500 align:middle line:90% Did you know that? 00:11:10.500 --> 00:11:11.040 align:middle line:90% Yes or no? 00:11:11.040 --> 00:11:12.240 align:middle line:90% Did you know that? 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:13.350 align:middle line:90% You didn't know it, right. 00:11:13.350 --> 00:11:15.180 align:middle line:90% Well, I just told you. 00:11:15.180 --> 00:11:15.900 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:11:15.900 --> 00:11:18.540 align:middle line:84% Every molecule in the gaseous phase, 00:11:18.540 --> 00:11:21.750 align:middle line:84% that has three atoms or more, is a greenhouse gas. 00:11:21.750 --> 00:11:24.360 align:middle line:90% But they're not all effective. 00:11:24.360 --> 00:11:25.980 align:middle line:84% And why aren't they all effective? 00:11:25.980 --> 00:11:27.990 align:middle line:84% And what does it take for a molecule 00:11:27.990 --> 00:11:29.550 align:middle line:90% to become a greenhouse gas? 00:11:29.550 --> 00:11:31.361 align:middle line:84% We all know about dipole moments. 00:11:31.361 --> 00:11:31.860 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:11:31.860 --> 00:11:32.940 align:middle line:90% You know about dipole moments? 00:11:32.940 --> 00:11:33.480 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:11:33.480 --> 00:11:35.520 align:middle line:84% So what I'd like you to do is make connections between what 00:11:35.520 --> 00:11:37.110 align:middle line:84% you know and what you're hearing me 00:11:37.110 --> 00:11:39.660 align:middle line:84% say now because that's how we learn. 00:11:39.660 --> 00:11:42.540 align:middle line:84% And that's how we share the knowledge with each other. 00:11:42.540 --> 00:11:45.699 align:middle line:84% So it takes a dipole moment to effect, right? 00:11:45.699 --> 00:11:46.740 align:middle line:90% You're shaking your head. 00:11:46.740 --> 00:11:49.440 align:middle line:84% And I'm beginning to connect with you, right? 00:11:49.440 --> 00:11:55.380 align:middle line:84% But there are molecules with two atoms in the gaseous phase that 00:11:55.380 --> 00:11:57.180 align:middle line:90% have a dipole moment too. 00:11:57.180 --> 00:11:58.307 align:middle line:90% Carbon monoxide, right? 00:11:58.307 --> 00:11:59.640 align:middle line:90% Well, it's not a greenhouse gas. 00:11:59.640 --> 00:12:00.450 align:middle line:90% How come? 00:12:00.450 --> 00:12:04.110 align:middle line:84% So what does it take to be a greenhouse gas? 00:12:04.110 --> 00:12:05.640 align:middle line:90% Think about it. 00:12:05.640 --> 00:12:07.410 align:middle line:90% Here's the big question. 00:12:07.410 --> 00:12:12.120 align:middle line:84% How does the vibrational energy change into heat energy? 00:12:12.120 --> 00:12:14.600 align:middle line:84% I'm not going to ask any one individual to tell me 00:12:14.600 --> 00:12:16.010 align:middle line:90% the answer to that one. 00:12:16.010 --> 00:12:17.570 align:middle line:84% But I'm asking you to think about it. 00:12:17.570 --> 00:12:21.650 align:middle line:84% How does the vibrational energy change into heat energy? 00:12:21.650 --> 00:12:24.310 align:middle line:84% You know, most of the air is nitrogen and oxygen. 00:12:24.310 --> 00:12:26.420 align:middle line:84% But now, we're putting greenhouse gases in there, 00:12:26.420 --> 00:12:27.890 align:middle line:90% more than we did before. 00:12:27.890 --> 00:12:28.580 align:middle line:90% Why? 00:12:28.580 --> 00:12:30.230 align:middle line:84% Because the Industrial Revolution 00:12:30.230 --> 00:12:33.980 align:middle line:84% has been so successful, extremely successful. 00:12:33.980 --> 00:12:39.980 align:middle line:84% This is why we have the most advanced society in humankind. 00:12:39.980 --> 00:12:41.980 align:middle line:84% But because of the Industrial Revolution, 00:12:41.980 --> 00:12:44.510 align:middle line:84% we put more carbon dioxide in the air. 00:12:44.510 --> 00:12:46.730 align:middle line:90% We put more CO2 gas in the air. 00:12:46.730 --> 00:12:47.990 align:middle line:90% Is that a good thing? 00:12:47.990 --> 00:12:49.910 align:middle line:84% Up to a point, it's a good thing. 00:12:49.910 --> 00:12:52.240 align:middle line:84% If it weren't for the greenhouse gases, 00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:53.990 align:middle line:84% the surface of the planet would be as cold 00:12:53.990 --> 00:12:57.810 align:middle line:84% as it is on Mars and life as we know it would not exist. 00:12:57.810 --> 00:12:59.270 align:middle line:84% So there are good and not so good 00:12:59.270 --> 00:13:01.310 align:middle line:84% things about the greenhouse gases. 00:13:01.310 --> 00:13:03.560 align:middle line:84% And that's what this third initiative deals about. 00:13:03.560 --> 00:13:06.050 align:middle line:84% The fourth one is to consider the possibility 00:13:06.050 --> 00:13:08.480 align:middle line:84% of establishing an ACS high school teacher fellowship 00:13:08.480 --> 00:13:09.290 align:middle line:90% program. 00:13:09.290 --> 00:13:10.820 align:middle line:84% We will be hearing about this later 00:13:10.820 --> 00:13:12.920 align:middle line:84% on from reading chemical engineering 00:13:12.920 --> 00:13:14.630 align:middle line:90% news and other sources. 00:13:14.630 --> 00:13:16.640 align:middle line:84% So that's briefly what I want to focus on. 00:13:16.640 --> 00:13:17.640 align:middle line:90% It's not the only thing. 00:13:17.640 --> 00:13:20.180 align:middle line:84% But that's what I want to focus on for next year. 00:13:20.180 --> 00:13:22.310 align:middle line:84% So advancing chemistry, how do how 00:13:22.310 --> 00:13:24.790 align:middle line:90% do we do it, through research. 00:13:24.790 --> 00:13:26.670 align:middle line:90% Research is so enjoyable. 00:13:26.670 --> 00:13:28.140 align:middle line:90% It's so rewarding. 00:13:28.140 --> 00:13:29.360 align:middle line:90% We ask questions. 00:13:29.360 --> 00:13:30.710 align:middle line:90% We want to know the answers. 00:13:30.710 --> 00:13:31.790 align:middle line:90% We're curious. 00:13:31.790 --> 00:13:32.880 align:middle line:90% Why is the sky blue? 00:13:32.880 --> 00:13:34.072 align:middle line:90% Why is the sky blue? 00:13:34.072 --> 00:13:35.780 align:middle line:84% Scattering, you're to tell me scattering. 00:13:35.780 --> 00:13:36.640 align:middle line:90% OK, that's good. 00:13:36.640 --> 00:13:37.140 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:13:37.140 --> 00:13:37.850 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:13:37.850 --> 00:13:38.990 align:middle line:90% 00:13:38.990 --> 00:13:41.080 align:middle line:84% Why do leaves change color in the fall? 00:13:41.080 --> 00:13:43.640 align:middle line:84% One of the most beautiful experiences I had in my life, 00:13:43.640 --> 00:13:46.640 align:middle line:84% when we first came to Boston in 1957, 00:13:46.640 --> 00:13:50.540 align:middle line:84% a colleague of my dad at Harvard took us to New Hampshire, 00:13:50.540 --> 00:13:52.760 align:middle line:90% to Vermont, in the fall. 00:13:52.760 --> 00:13:53.780 align:middle line:90% It just-- it was-- 00:13:53.780 --> 00:13:56.690 align:middle line:84% I can't use adequate words to describe 00:13:56.690 --> 00:14:00.200 align:middle line:84% the beauty of the chemical transformations 00:14:00.200 --> 00:14:02.270 align:middle line:84% that were happening in the leaves 00:14:02.270 --> 00:14:04.920 align:middle line:84% and how the chlorophyll reaction shuts down. 00:14:04.920 --> 00:14:07.400 align:middle line:84% And all these other colors are there already. 00:14:07.400 --> 00:14:10.250 align:middle line:84% But we don't see them because they're masked by chlorophyll. 00:14:10.250 --> 00:14:13.400 align:middle line:84% And just understanding that and asking questions 00:14:13.400 --> 00:14:17.460 align:middle line:84% is what we're trying to do, both in research and in education. 00:14:17.460 --> 00:14:21.210 align:middle line:84% Of course advanced chemistry by being innovative as well. 00:14:21.210 --> 00:14:25.880 align:middle line:84% So I'd like to just take a couple of moments to tell you 00:14:25.880 --> 00:14:28.970 align:middle line:84% that in society today, we have two 00:14:28.970 --> 00:14:33.260 align:middle line:84% sectors, the science-rich sector and the science-poor sector. 00:14:33.260 --> 00:14:36.140 align:middle line:84% Who is in the science-rich sector? 00:14:36.140 --> 00:14:41.610 align:middle line:84% Colleges and universities, parts of industry, 00:14:41.610 --> 00:14:43.870 align:middle line:90% the national laboratories. 00:14:43.870 --> 00:14:46.420 align:middle line:84% Who is in the science-poor sector? 00:14:46.420 --> 00:14:48.950 align:middle line:90% Everyone else. 00:14:48.950 --> 00:14:51.070 align:middle line:84% And those of us who are fortunate to be 00:14:51.070 --> 00:14:54.400 align:middle line:84% in the science-rich sector have an obligation 00:14:54.400 --> 00:14:56.800 align:middle line:84% to the people who are in the science-poor sector. 00:14:56.800 --> 00:15:00.130 align:middle line:84% I want you for a moment to think about science-rich 00:15:00.130 --> 00:15:01.570 align:middle line:90% and science-poor. 00:15:01.570 --> 00:15:04.960 align:middle line:84% But I also want you to think about what you hear on the news 00:15:04.960 --> 00:15:08.760 align:middle line:84% now daily and cross out the word "science" 00:15:08.760 --> 00:15:11.860 align:middle line:84% and cross out the word "science from the second one. 00:15:11.860 --> 00:15:14.030 align:middle line:84% And look at the turmoil that we have. 00:15:14.030 --> 00:15:16.810 align:middle line:84% There's a gap that is widening at an alarming 00:15:16.810 --> 00:15:19.450 align:middle line:84% rate between those of us who are rich in knowledge 00:15:19.450 --> 00:15:22.110 align:middle line:84% and otherwise, and those who are not. 00:15:22.110 --> 00:15:26.140 align:middle line:84% And it's incumbent upon us to narrow that gap. 00:15:26.140 --> 00:15:29.020 align:middle line:84% We have to do it for a lot of profound societal reasons. 00:15:29.020 --> 00:15:30.550 align:middle line:84% But I'll give you one crass reason 00:15:30.550 --> 00:15:33.520 align:middle line:84% why it's important for those of us in the science-rich sector 00:15:33.520 --> 00:15:36.860 align:middle line:84% to communicate with the science-poor sector. 00:15:36.860 --> 00:15:39.040 align:middle line:84% And you know what that crass reason is. 00:15:39.040 --> 00:15:41.810 align:middle line:84% The people here, in this sector here, they 00:15:41.810 --> 00:15:46.640 align:middle line:84% pay for what it is that we do in the science-rich sector, 00:15:46.640 --> 00:15:49.040 align:middle line:84% government funds, private foundation funds. 00:15:49.040 --> 00:15:52.450 align:middle line:84% So we need to be thinking about our role as science students, 00:15:52.450 --> 00:15:57.110 align:middle line:84% as scientists, as learned individuals in this regard. 00:15:57.110 --> 00:15:57.680 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:15:57.680 --> 00:15:59.441 align:middle line:84% So there's scientific competence, 00:15:59.441 --> 00:16:01.190 align:middle line:84% which is what we acquire by doing research 00:16:01.190 --> 00:16:01.940 align:middle line:90% through education. 00:16:01.940 --> 00:16:03.650 align:middle line:90% There's scientific expertise. 00:16:03.650 --> 00:16:06.320 align:middle line:84% But there's also science literacy. 00:16:06.320 --> 00:16:09.260 align:middle line:84% Our goal should be to increase the level of science literacy 00:16:09.260 --> 00:16:11.990 align:middle line:84% among people in the science-poor sector. 00:16:11.990 --> 00:16:14.300 align:middle line:84% Science literacy is the appreciation of science 00:16:14.300 --> 00:16:17.690 align:middle line:84% without a deep knowledge of chemistry, physics, or biology, 00:16:17.690 --> 00:16:18.740 align:middle line:90% or any other science. 00:16:18.740 --> 00:16:19.790 align:middle line:90% It's an appreciation. 00:16:19.790 --> 00:16:23.330 align:middle line:84% Let me give you an analogy to make this point as clearly as I 00:16:23.330 --> 00:16:24.140 align:middle line:90% know how. 00:16:24.140 --> 00:16:26.480 align:middle line:84% And this analogy comes from sports. 00:16:26.480 --> 00:16:29.155 align:middle line:84% I know as a classroom teacher the danger of using analogies 00:16:29.155 --> 00:16:30.530 align:middle line:84% because you remember the analogy, 00:16:30.530 --> 00:16:33.159 align:middle line:84% and not the real thing that I'm talking about. 00:16:33.159 --> 00:16:35.450 align:middle line:84% Just as we have professional football players, baseball 00:16:35.450 --> 00:16:39.170 align:middle line:84% players, hockey players, and so on, we have sports fans. 00:16:39.170 --> 00:16:40.910 align:middle line:84% Without those sports fans, you know 00:16:40.910 --> 00:16:44.450 align:middle line:84% the interprofessional sports enterprise would be nothing. 00:16:44.450 --> 00:16:46.860 align:middle line:84% You also know that's not an exaggeration. 00:16:46.860 --> 00:16:48.950 align:middle line:84% So what we need, we need scientists 00:16:48.950 --> 00:16:51.050 align:middle line:90% and we need science fans. 00:16:51.050 --> 00:16:52.610 align:middle line:84% And we want those science fans not 00:16:52.610 --> 00:16:55.174 align:middle line:84% to be sitting in the stands as passive spectators. 00:16:55.174 --> 00:16:56.840 align:middle line:84% We want them to follow what we're doing. 00:16:56.840 --> 00:16:59.006 align:middle line:84% Some of them might even show up on the playing field 00:16:59.006 --> 00:17:01.360 align:middle line:90% to become scientists like us. 00:17:01.360 --> 00:17:02.860 align:middle line:84% But we have to pay attention to them 00:17:02.860 --> 00:17:07.210 align:middle line:84% so we can improve the level of science literacy. 00:17:07.210 --> 00:17:08.250 align:middle line:90% Communications. 00:17:08.250 --> 00:17:10.000 align:middle line:84% There are many elements to communications. 00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:11.990 align:middle line:90% I just list five of them here. 00:17:11.990 --> 00:17:14.207 align:middle line:90% One is to inform, to engage-- 00:17:14.207 --> 00:17:15.790 align:middle line:84% that's what I hope to do very shortly. 00:17:15.790 --> 00:17:17.859 align:middle line:84% I promised you I'll do experiments. 00:17:17.859 --> 00:17:18.650 align:middle line:90% They're engaging. 00:17:18.650 --> 00:17:19.733 align:middle line:90% I'm going to get to that-- 00:17:19.733 --> 00:17:23.984 align:middle line:84% to educate, to advocate, and to persuade. 00:17:23.984 --> 00:17:25.150 align:middle line:90% There are other parts of it. 00:17:25.150 --> 00:17:27.500 align:middle line:84% There's entertain, all kinds of things you can think about. 00:17:27.500 --> 00:17:29.080 align:middle line:84% But those are the five I want to try 00:17:29.080 --> 00:17:32.260 align:middle line:84% to focus on as important elements of communication. 00:17:32.260 --> 00:17:34.750 align:middle line:84% In the scientific community we communicate with each other 00:17:34.750 --> 00:17:35.420 align:middle line:90% very well. 00:17:35.420 --> 00:17:37.270 align:middle line:84% But we don't do it as well yet with people 00:17:37.270 --> 00:17:38.480 align:middle line:90% in the science-poor sector. 00:17:38.480 --> 00:17:40.810 align:middle line:90% So we have to work on that. 00:17:40.810 --> 00:17:42.790 align:middle line:84% One purpose of communicating chemistry 00:17:42.790 --> 00:17:45.540 align:middle line:84% is to showcase chemistry at its best 00:17:45.540 --> 00:17:48.260 align:middle line:84% in addressing significant human and societal issues. 00:17:48.260 --> 00:17:51.130 align:middle line:84% It's very important that we do that, very, very important 00:17:51.130 --> 00:17:51.940 align:middle line:90% that we do that. 00:17:51.940 --> 00:17:54.590 align:middle line:90% 00:17:54.590 --> 00:17:56.800 align:middle line:84% Here's a statement from a very famous person. 00:17:56.800 --> 00:17:58.660 align:middle line:84% Everyone knows this person by name. 00:17:58.660 --> 00:18:02.260 align:middle line:84% And he said, "Most of the fundamental ideas of science 00:18:02.260 --> 00:18:04.960 align:middle line:84% are essentially m and may, as a rule, 00:18:04.960 --> 00:18:07.800 align:middle line:84% be expressed in a language comprehensible to everyone." 00:18:07.800 --> 00:18:09.460 align:middle line:90% You think about that. 00:18:09.460 --> 00:18:11.980 align:middle line:84% He said most of the fundamental ideas of science 00:18:11.980 --> 00:18:14.380 align:middle line:84% are essentially simple, or maybe simple to him. 00:18:14.380 --> 00:18:16.487 align:middle line:90% But no, that's just a joke. 00:18:16.487 --> 00:18:18.070 align:middle line:84% Now, you think about what he's saying. 00:18:18.070 --> 00:18:19.430 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:18:19.430 --> 00:18:23.120 align:middle line:84% So we have to find ways to improve our communication 00:18:23.120 --> 00:18:25.830 align:middle line:90% skills to the public at large. 00:18:25.830 --> 00:18:28.720 align:middle line:84% And so I want to mention to you very briefly 00:18:28.720 --> 00:18:30.680 align:middle line:84% an activity we do at the Wisconsin 00:18:30.680 --> 00:18:33.800 align:middle line:84% Initiative for Science Literacy, asking graduate students 00:18:33.800 --> 00:18:37.640 align:middle line:84% to include in their thesis a chapter, explaining 00:18:37.640 --> 00:18:41.005 align:middle line:84% the research that they just finished, to their mother, 00:18:41.005 --> 00:18:44.750 align:middle line:84% to their grandfather, to their neighbor, 00:18:44.750 --> 00:18:48.190 align:middle line:84% to anyone, to their former high school classmates. 00:18:48.190 --> 00:18:51.760 align:middle line:84% So that they get to appreciate what it is that someone spent 00:18:51.760 --> 00:18:54.260 align:middle line:84% five, six years, working hard, using 00:18:54.260 --> 00:18:57.230 align:middle line:84% taxpayers' money and other people's money, 00:18:57.230 --> 00:19:00.100 align:middle line:84% to improve knowledge and to give us rewarding experiences. 00:19:00.100 --> 00:19:02.510 align:middle line:84% And the goal, as I say, is to explain the candidate's 00:19:02.510 --> 00:19:04.820 align:middle line:84% scholarly research and its significance 00:19:04.820 --> 00:19:06.530 align:middle line:84% to a wider audience, that includes 00:19:06.530 --> 00:19:09.140 align:middle line:84% family members, friends, civic groups, newspaper reporters, 00:19:09.140 --> 00:19:10.980 align:middle line:90% state legislator, and so on. 00:19:10.980 --> 00:19:13.040 align:middle line:84% And if you do this, we give you $500. 00:19:13.040 --> 00:19:14.720 align:middle line:90% We're beyond $10 now. 00:19:14.720 --> 00:19:16.280 align:middle line:84% We're beyond $10 among the graduates. 00:19:16.280 --> 00:19:18.020 align:middle line:90% This is catching on. 00:19:18.020 --> 00:19:20.849 align:middle line:84% And we will assist in the public dissemination of this. 00:19:20.849 --> 00:19:23.390 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to tell you how you can find out more about this 00:19:23.390 --> 00:19:24.890 align:middle line:84% because you can read those chapters. 00:19:24.890 --> 00:19:27.270 align:middle line:84% We have them posted them on my website. 00:19:27.270 --> 00:19:29.480 align:middle line:90% My website is www-- 00:19:29.480 --> 00:19:32.570 align:middle line:84% they all start with www, you know that, right? 00:19:32.570 --> 00:19:34.190 align:middle line:90% And then scifun-- 00:19:34.190 --> 00:19:36.654 align:middle line:90% S-C-I-F-U-N-- .org. 00:19:36.654 --> 00:19:37.820 align:middle line:90% Somebody is writing it down. 00:19:37.820 --> 00:19:39.153 align:middle line:90% You don't have to write it down. 00:19:39.153 --> 00:19:42.230 align:middle line:84% Just say it quietly a couple of times, scifun.org-- 00:19:42.230 --> 00:19:46.661 align:middle line:84% S-C-I-F-U-N-- .org, scifun.org, scifun.org. 00:19:46.661 --> 00:19:48.160 align:middle line:84% Now, this is how we memorize things. 00:19:48.160 --> 00:19:49.630 align:middle line:90% But why do we memorize things? 00:19:49.630 --> 00:19:51.850 align:middle line:84% To store them in our memory banks? 00:19:51.850 --> 00:19:53.172 align:middle line:90% They use them. 00:19:53.172 --> 00:19:54.180 align:middle line:90% To use them. 00:19:54.180 --> 00:19:57.175 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to check with my web master 00:19:57.175 --> 00:19:59.300 align:middle line:84% in the next couple of days to see how many new hits 00:19:59.300 --> 00:20:00.780 align:middle line:90% we get from the Cambridge area. 00:20:00.780 --> 00:20:02.370 align:middle line:84% See if anybody's been to my website. 00:20:02.370 --> 00:20:03.290 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:20:03.290 --> 00:20:04.430 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:20:04.430 --> 00:20:06.110 align:middle line:84% The great master Leonardo said, "There 00:20:06.110 --> 00:20:08.540 align:middle line:84% is no higher or lower knowledge, but one only, 00:20:08.540 --> 00:20:10.310 align:middle line:90% flowing out of experimentation. 00:20:10.310 --> 00:20:13.220 align:middle line:84% We're getting close to my keeping my promise, 00:20:13.220 --> 00:20:14.070 align:middle line:90% keeping my promise. 00:20:14.070 --> 00:20:15.320 align:middle line:90% That's what you came here for. 00:20:15.320 --> 00:20:17.620 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to do some experiments. 00:20:17.620 --> 00:20:22.880 align:middle line:84% And my latest book is volume 5 in this series. 00:20:22.880 --> 00:20:25.060 align:middle line:84% It deals with color, light, vision, and perception. 00:20:25.060 --> 00:20:27.110 align:middle line:84% It deals with what happens in front of the eye. 00:20:27.110 --> 00:20:29.600 align:middle line:84% But now because of advances in neurosciences, 00:20:29.600 --> 00:20:32.030 align:middle line:84% we learn more about what happens behind the eye. 00:20:32.030 --> 00:20:34.130 align:middle line:84% So that's included in this book here. 00:20:34.130 --> 00:20:38.060 align:middle line:84% And there's a little flyer that you may pick up as you 00:20:38.060 --> 00:20:40.820 align:middle line:90% walked in or when you walk out. 00:20:40.820 --> 00:20:43.580 align:middle line:84% And if you have a favorite high school teacher, 00:20:43.580 --> 00:20:46.370 align:middle line:84% you might want to give him a copy as a Christmas 00:20:46.370 --> 00:20:49.760 align:middle line:84% gift or a holiday gift, if you wish to. 00:20:49.760 --> 00:20:52.680 align:middle line:84% The book has been out now since February. 00:20:52.680 --> 00:20:54.580 align:middle line:90% This is the cover of the book. 00:20:54.580 --> 00:20:57.110 align:middle line:84% What are these three things that you see here? 00:20:57.110 --> 00:20:58.289 align:middle line:90% What do they look like? 00:20:58.289 --> 00:20:59.330 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Drops of water. 00:20:59.330 --> 00:21:00.340 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Mumble, mumble, mumble. 00:21:00.340 --> 00:21:02.350 align:middle line:84% I like that because everybody saying things-- 00:21:02.350 --> 00:21:03.900 align:middle line:90% huh? 00:21:03.900 --> 00:21:06.410 align:middle line:90% Are they paperweights? 00:21:06.410 --> 00:21:07.677 align:middle line:90% They could be. 00:21:07.677 --> 00:21:09.010 align:middle line:90% They're actually water droplets. 00:21:09.010 --> 00:21:09.940 align:middle line:90% That's what are. 00:21:09.940 --> 00:21:12.380 align:middle line:84% They're water droplets, as some of you said. 00:21:12.380 --> 00:21:14.680 align:middle line:84% So here's an experiment that I want-- 00:21:14.680 --> 00:21:17.287 align:middle line:84% the first experiment I want to ask to look at. 00:21:17.287 --> 00:21:18.245 align:middle line:90% This is a checkerboard. 00:21:18.245 --> 00:21:19.870 align:middle line:84% This is about perception because you're 00:21:19.870 --> 00:21:21.310 align:middle line:90% going to be seeing things now. 00:21:21.310 --> 00:21:24.650 align:middle line:84% And the brain, the brain sometimes plays tricks on us. 00:21:24.650 --> 00:21:26.480 align:middle line:90% So here's the checkerboard. 00:21:26.480 --> 00:21:28.130 align:middle line:84% And you see this object right here. 00:21:28.130 --> 00:21:30.020 align:middle line:90% And you see it casts a shadow. 00:21:30.020 --> 00:21:34.500 align:middle line:84% So my question to you is, is the shade 00:21:34.500 --> 00:21:37.710 align:middle line:84% in square of number 1 the same as the shade in square number 00:21:37.710 --> 00:21:38.897 align:middle line:90% 2, yes or no? 00:21:38.897 --> 00:21:39.480 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:21:39.480 --> 00:21:40.909 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:21:40.909 --> 00:21:42.450 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: How many say yes? 00:21:42.450 --> 00:21:44.070 align:middle line:90% Raise your hand if you say yes. 00:21:44.070 --> 00:21:45.980 align:middle line:90% And how many say no? 00:21:45.980 --> 00:21:47.180 align:middle line:90% More people say no. 00:21:47.180 --> 00:21:49.880 align:middle line:84% So we have to train ourself to do this. 00:21:49.880 --> 00:21:52.770 align:middle line:84% Now, remember now, this one is labeled number 1. 00:21:52.770 --> 00:21:54.090 align:middle line:90% This is labeled number 2. 00:21:54.090 --> 00:21:58.190 align:middle line:90% I'm going to now cover this. 00:21:58.190 --> 00:22:02.990 align:middle line:84% And now, you see that they both have the same shade. 00:22:02.990 --> 00:22:04.840 align:middle line:90% You see that, right? 00:22:04.840 --> 00:22:08.438 align:middle line:84% So those of you who said yes before probably have seen this. 00:22:08.438 --> 00:22:10.830 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:22:10.830 --> 00:22:12.910 align:middle line:90% And you know what? 00:22:12.910 --> 00:22:14.710 align:middle line:84% Your brain is using the knowledge 00:22:14.710 --> 00:22:15.800 align:middle line:90% that you had from before. 00:22:15.800 --> 00:22:16.930 align:middle line:90% That's great. 00:22:16.930 --> 00:22:18.622 align:middle line:84% So let's look at this one more time. 00:22:18.622 --> 00:22:19.330 align:middle line:90% So I take it off. 00:22:19.330 --> 00:22:19.930 align:middle line:90% You see. 00:22:19.930 --> 00:22:21.610 align:middle line:90% So what's going on here? 00:22:21.610 --> 00:22:25.600 align:middle line:84% The shadow is telling the brain something. 00:22:25.600 --> 00:22:28.520 align:middle line:84% And we have to develop the skills with our brains 00:22:28.520 --> 00:22:33.220 align:middle line:84% to sort out the information, and be very careful about it, so we 00:22:33.220 --> 00:22:35.620 align:middle line:90% have the proper interpretation. 00:22:35.620 --> 00:22:36.990 align:middle line:90% So this is when I cover it now. 00:22:36.990 --> 00:22:39.190 align:middle line:84% You see this shadow cannot be seen. 00:22:39.190 --> 00:22:41.560 align:middle line:84% And that's how we started with it. 00:22:41.560 --> 00:22:43.406 align:middle line:90% So we have to make connections. 00:22:43.406 --> 00:22:44.780 align:middle line:84% We have to make good connections. 00:22:44.780 --> 00:22:46.660 align:middle line:84% We don't want to have any impedance problems. 00:22:46.660 --> 00:22:48.370 align:middle line:84% That's what we don't want to have. 00:22:48.370 --> 00:22:51.910 align:middle line:84% And I want to show you why we want 00:22:51.910 --> 00:22:54.550 align:middle line:84% to do experiments and demonstrations, 00:22:54.550 --> 00:22:57.570 align:middle line:90% why we want to be engaging. 00:22:57.570 --> 00:22:59.730 align:middle line:90% This is why. 00:22:59.730 --> 00:23:01.510 align:middle line:90% That's why. 00:23:01.510 --> 00:23:03.300 align:middle line:90% That's why. 00:23:03.300 --> 00:23:05.260 align:middle line:90% That's why. 00:23:05.260 --> 00:23:06.440 align:middle line:90% That's why. 00:23:06.440 --> 00:23:07.990 align:middle line:90% You just look at those faces. 00:23:07.990 --> 00:23:10.620 align:middle line:90% You just look at those faces. 00:23:10.620 --> 00:23:13.510 align:middle line:90% And each one of them is engaged. 00:23:13.510 --> 00:23:14.790 align:middle line:90% Engagement is important. 00:23:14.790 --> 00:23:17.480 align:middle line:84% But what's really important is what happens after that. 00:23:17.480 --> 00:23:20.440 align:middle line:84% So we're going to now get into what 00:23:20.440 --> 00:23:23.260 align:middle line:90% happens as you become engaged. 00:23:23.260 --> 00:23:24.700 align:middle line:90% Lights out, please. 00:23:24.700 --> 00:23:27.670 align:middle line:84% Because we're going to do some experiments, in addition 00:23:27.670 --> 00:23:29.031 align:middle line:90% to the one we did. 00:23:29.031 --> 00:23:29.530 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:23:29.530 --> 00:23:29.800 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:23:29.800 --> 00:23:31.050 align:middle line:90% I know you've waited too long. 00:23:31.050 --> 00:23:31.710 align:middle line:90% I know. 00:23:31.710 --> 00:23:32.770 align:middle line:90% I know. 00:23:32.770 --> 00:23:35.500 align:middle line:84% When we do experiments, we'll obey all the safety rules. 00:23:35.500 --> 00:23:36.880 align:middle line:90% You notice I have my goggles on. 00:23:36.880 --> 00:23:38.290 align:middle line:90% Did you notice that? 00:23:38.290 --> 00:23:39.919 align:middle line:84% I just pointed it out as a reminder. 00:23:39.919 --> 00:23:42.460 align:middle line:84% For those of you who noticed and those of you who didn't, you 00:23:42.460 --> 00:23:44.537 align:middle line:90% just saw that I have them on. 00:23:44.537 --> 00:23:46.120 align:middle line:84% I have a fire extinguisher right here. 00:23:46.120 --> 00:23:48.760 align:middle line:84% It's ready to be used, just in case something goes out 00:23:48.760 --> 00:23:49.587 align:middle line:90% of control. 00:23:49.587 --> 00:23:51.670 align:middle line:84% I'm not planning on anything going out of control. 00:23:51.670 --> 00:23:54.790 align:middle line:84% But we have it as a safety precaution. 00:23:54.790 --> 00:24:00.370 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to do is take a match and strike it. 00:24:00.370 --> 00:24:03.490 align:middle line:90% 00:24:03.490 --> 00:24:04.720 align:middle line:90% You like that, right? 00:24:04.720 --> 00:24:05.680 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:24:05.680 --> 00:24:08.370 align:middle line:84% So this is an example of what we call a combustion reaction. 00:24:08.370 --> 00:24:10.800 align:middle line:90% I'm going to light a candle. 00:24:10.800 --> 00:24:11.790 align:middle line:90% And-- 00:24:11.790 --> 00:24:12.590 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Whoa. 00:24:12.590 --> 00:24:15.990 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: --I'm going to-- whoa is right, see. 00:24:15.990 --> 00:24:17.832 align:middle line:90% Engagement. 00:24:17.832 --> 00:24:19.290 align:middle line:84% I want to tell you something that I 00:24:19.290 --> 00:24:20.498 align:middle line:90% have observed over the years. 00:24:20.498 --> 00:24:23.790 align:middle line:84% I've been doing these demonstrations for over 40 00:24:23.790 --> 00:24:25.050 align:middle line:90% years. 00:24:25.050 --> 00:24:28.200 align:middle line:84% Youngsters and people in retirement homes 00:24:28.200 --> 00:24:31.650 align:middle line:84% are not inhibited like the rest of us. 00:24:31.650 --> 00:24:34.900 align:middle line:84% So we have to allow ourselves to express ourselves. 00:24:34.900 --> 00:24:38.170 align:middle line:84% So this is an example of a combustion reaction. 00:24:38.170 --> 00:24:44.770 align:middle line:84% And it is, of course, related to Michael Faraday. 00:24:44.770 --> 00:24:47.190 align:middle line:84% You know who Michael Faraday was, right? 00:24:47.190 --> 00:24:49.800 align:middle line:84% He used to gather young people around Christmas time 00:24:49.800 --> 00:24:52.630 align:middle line:84% at the Royal Institution and do experiments with them. 00:24:52.630 --> 00:24:54.610 align:middle line:84% And one of his most famous lectures 00:24:54.610 --> 00:24:57.750 align:middle line:84% is on the chemical history of the candle. 00:24:57.750 --> 00:24:59.610 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to do now, because you're 00:24:59.610 --> 00:25:02.940 align:middle line:84% paying good attention, I'm going to reach back 00:25:02.940 --> 00:25:05.580 align:middle line:84% into my back pocket and get my wallet out. 00:25:05.580 --> 00:25:07.683 align:middle line:84% What do people usually keep in their wallets? 00:25:07.683 --> 00:25:08.410 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Money. 00:25:08.410 --> 00:25:08.650 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Money. 00:25:08.650 --> 00:25:09.302 align:middle line:90% What else? 00:25:09.302 --> 00:25:10.260 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Credit cards. 00:25:10.260 --> 00:25:10.900 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Credit cards. 00:25:10.900 --> 00:25:11.340 align:middle line:90% What else? 00:25:11.340 --> 00:25:12.120 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Driver's license. 00:25:12.120 --> 00:25:12.840 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Driver's license, 00:25:12.840 --> 00:25:14.220 align:middle line:84% if you're old enough to have one. 00:25:14.220 --> 00:25:14.670 align:middle line:90% What else? 00:25:14.670 --> 00:25:15.330 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Pictures. 00:25:15.330 --> 00:25:16.600 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Pictures, all kinds of things. 00:25:16.600 --> 00:25:19.016 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to do now is I'm going to reach in here. 00:25:19.016 --> 00:25:20.730 align:middle line:84% I'm going to take a dollar bill and I'm 00:25:20.730 --> 00:25:23.650 align:middle line:84% going to put it into the flame, just like that. 00:25:23.650 --> 00:25:24.667 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Wow. 00:25:24.667 --> 00:25:26.250 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Was that too fast? 00:25:26.250 --> 00:25:26.660 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:25:26.660 --> 00:25:28.493 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Well, I asked you to pay 00:25:28.493 --> 00:25:29.950 align:middle line:90% close attention, didn't I? 00:25:29.950 --> 00:25:33.810 align:middle line:90% I'm trying to engage your brain. 00:25:33.810 --> 00:25:37.072 align:middle line:84% So that was not a real dollar bill. 00:25:37.072 --> 00:25:38.250 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:25:38.250 --> 00:25:40.970 align:middle line:90% That was a fake dollar bill. 00:25:40.970 --> 00:25:43.290 align:middle line:90% That was a phony dollar bill. 00:25:43.290 --> 00:25:46.250 align:middle line:90% It's called flash paper. 00:25:46.250 --> 00:25:50.060 align:middle line:84% What we always do in science is repeat the experiment. 00:25:50.060 --> 00:25:52.450 align:middle line:84% So I take out what looks like a dollar bill. 00:25:52.450 --> 00:25:54.110 align:middle line:90% But it's not a real dollar bill. 00:25:54.110 --> 00:25:55.560 align:middle line:90% I bring it close to the flame. 00:25:55.560 --> 00:26:03.272 align:middle line:90% 00:26:03.272 --> 00:26:05.300 align:middle line:90% It disappears into thin air. 00:26:05.300 --> 00:26:08.060 align:middle line:90% It looks like magic. 00:26:08.060 --> 00:26:10.190 align:middle line:90% I love magic. 00:26:10.190 --> 00:26:15.040 align:middle line:84% Magic is engaging, but not informative. 00:26:15.040 --> 00:26:17.590 align:middle line:90% Magic is engaging. 00:26:17.590 --> 00:26:20.590 align:middle line:84% So this is paper that has been treated with chemicals so 00:26:20.590 --> 00:26:23.350 align:middle line:84% that when it burns, it doesn't leave any ash behind. 00:26:23.350 --> 00:26:25.290 align:middle line:90% It's called flash paper. 00:26:25.290 --> 00:26:28.180 align:middle line:84% And so what are the chemicals that are used for this? 00:26:28.180 --> 00:26:29.680 align:middle line:84% You want to think about this, right. 00:26:29.680 --> 00:26:32.560 align:middle line:84% So you want to educate yourself about it if you want to. 00:26:32.560 --> 00:26:34.789 align:middle line:84% And you might want to go to my website 00:26:34.789 --> 00:26:35.830 align:middle line:90% to learn more about this. 00:26:35.830 --> 00:26:37.325 align:middle line:90% How do you get to my website? 00:26:37.325 --> 00:26:38.972 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: www.funsci.org. 00:26:38.972 --> 00:26:39.930 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: OK. 00:26:39.930 --> 00:26:41.100 align:middle line:90% You got it. 00:26:41.100 --> 00:26:43.350 align:middle line:84% So now I would like to ask someone 00:26:43.350 --> 00:26:45.030 align:middle line:84% in the audience to volunteer to help me 00:26:45.030 --> 00:26:45.870 align:middle line:90% with the next experiment. 00:26:45.870 --> 00:26:46.620 align:middle line:90% Who wants to help? 00:26:46.620 --> 00:26:49.095 align:middle line:84% Well, let me tell you first what I need help with, OK. 00:26:49.095 --> 00:26:50.280 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:26:50.280 --> 00:26:54.300 align:middle line:84% I'd like someone in the audience to let me borrow from them 00:26:54.300 --> 00:26:55.920 align:middle line:90% a real $1 bill. 00:26:55.920 --> 00:26:57.420 align:middle line:84% Is there someone in the audience who 00:26:57.420 --> 00:26:58.795 align:middle line:84% would let me-- who would trust me 00:26:58.795 --> 00:27:02.340 align:middle line:84% with a real $1 bill or a $5 bill? 00:27:02.340 --> 00:27:04.290 align:middle line:84% Steve, how about a $20 bill, huh? 00:27:04.290 --> 00:27:06.650 align:middle line:90% You got a $20 bill? 00:27:06.650 --> 00:27:07.150 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:27:07.150 --> 00:27:08.490 align:middle line:90% Here's a $1 bill. 00:27:08.490 --> 00:27:09.660 align:middle line:90% It's a real $1 bill. 00:27:09.660 --> 00:27:11.940 align:middle line:84% You know what I'm going to do with it, don't you? 00:27:11.940 --> 00:27:14.640 align:middle line:90% You know where this is going. 00:27:14.640 --> 00:27:17.100 align:middle line:90% So combustion, combustion is-- 00:27:17.100 --> 00:27:18.405 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: You did say borrow. 00:27:18.405 --> 00:27:18.840 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Huh? 00:27:18.840 --> 00:27:20.048 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: You did say borrow. 00:27:20.048 --> 00:27:21.640 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: I did say borrow. 00:27:21.640 --> 00:27:22.780 align:middle line:90% You know what? 00:27:22.780 --> 00:27:26.430 align:middle line:84% That's a very important observation that you made 00:27:26.430 --> 00:27:28.260 align:middle line:90% and you are reporting it. 00:27:28.260 --> 00:27:33.480 align:middle line:84% Because the whole exchange for the benefit of society 00:27:33.480 --> 00:27:36.240 align:middle line:90% works on the element of trust. 00:27:36.240 --> 00:27:39.720 align:middle line:84% You trusted me with this $1 bill. 00:27:39.720 --> 00:27:42.710 align:middle line:84% So I did say borrow, which means I'm going to give it back. 00:27:42.710 --> 00:27:43.439 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Right. 00:27:43.439 --> 00:27:44.980 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: I didn't say what 00:27:44.980 --> 00:27:47.195 align:middle line:84% form it's going to be in when I give it back. 00:27:47.195 --> 00:27:48.185 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:27:48.185 --> 00:27:50.170 align:middle line:90% 00:27:50.170 --> 00:27:53.290 align:middle line:84% So, well, I have a jar right here. 00:27:53.290 --> 00:27:55.992 align:middle line:90% And I have in this jar-- 00:27:55.992 --> 00:27:56.950 align:middle line:90% what does it look like? 00:27:56.950 --> 00:27:57.470 align:middle line:90% I have a liquid. 00:27:57.470 --> 00:27:58.240 align:middle line:90% What does it look like? 00:27:58.240 --> 00:27:58.900 align:middle line:90% It looks like? 00:27:58.900 --> 00:27:59.260 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Water. 00:27:59.260 --> 00:28:00.926 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It looks like water. 00:28:00.926 --> 00:28:02.890 align:middle line:84% The way we described this liquid is to say it's 00:28:02.890 --> 00:28:06.490 align:middle line:84% a clear and colorless liquid, which is what water is. 00:28:06.490 --> 00:28:10.320 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take this liquid and-- 00:28:10.320 --> 00:28:12.820 align:middle line:84% so I want everybody to see the jar right here, 00:28:12.820 --> 00:28:14.730 align:middle line:90% get this out of the way. 00:28:14.730 --> 00:28:17.490 align:middle line:84% I'm going to take the dollar bill. 00:28:17.490 --> 00:28:21.060 align:middle line:84% I'm going to soak it in this clear and colorless liquid, 00:28:21.060 --> 00:28:23.210 align:middle line:90% which looks like water. 00:28:23.210 --> 00:28:26.640 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to fish it out using those tongs. 00:28:26.640 --> 00:28:28.839 align:middle line:84% You see, it's dripping like any wet object would. 00:28:28.839 --> 00:28:30.630 align:middle line:84% And then I'm going to take it to the flame. 00:28:30.630 --> 00:28:31.780 align:middle line:90% Take a good look at it now. 00:28:31.780 --> 00:28:33.510 align:middle line:90% It may be last time you see it. 00:28:33.510 --> 00:28:38.692 align:middle line:84% So here is the dollar bill on fire, or is it? 00:28:38.692 --> 00:28:39.482 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:28:39.482 --> 00:28:41.815 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: But you did see a flame, didn't you? 00:28:41.815 --> 00:28:42.280 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:28:42.280 --> 00:28:44.920 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So now I ask you, can this liquid be water? 00:28:44.920 --> 00:28:45.787 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:28:45.787 --> 00:28:47.620 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You know from experience 00:28:47.620 --> 00:28:50.650 align:middle line:84% that water does not burn under these conditions. 00:28:50.650 --> 00:28:52.950 align:middle line:84% So I will tell you what's in this jar. 00:28:52.950 --> 00:28:54.790 align:middle line:84% This clear and colorless liquid is 00:28:54.790 --> 00:28:59.800 align:middle line:84% a mixture of rubbing alcohol and water, isopropyl alcohol 00:28:59.800 --> 00:29:01.030 align:middle line:90% and water. 00:29:01.030 --> 00:29:05.680 align:middle line:84% You know also from experience that when you burn alcohol, 00:29:05.680 --> 00:29:07.917 align:middle line:90% what color flame do you see? 00:29:07.917 --> 00:29:08.750 align:middle line:90% It's kind of bluish. 00:29:08.750 --> 00:29:10.745 align:middle line:84% Do you remember what color flame you saw here? 00:29:10.745 --> 00:29:13.040 align:middle line:90% It was a little yellowish. 00:29:13.040 --> 00:29:16.010 align:middle line:84% That's because we also added a little bit of sodium chloride 00:29:16.010 --> 00:29:16.970 align:middle line:90% in there. 00:29:16.970 --> 00:29:19.370 align:middle line:84% The eye is more sensitive to the yellow color 00:29:19.370 --> 00:29:21.150 align:middle line:90% than it is to the blue color. 00:29:21.150 --> 00:29:24.380 align:middle line:84% So we added the sodium chloride to enhance the visibility 00:29:24.380 --> 00:29:26.120 align:middle line:90% of what's going on. 00:29:26.120 --> 00:29:29.480 align:middle line:84% How can sodium chloride enhance the visibility? 00:29:29.480 --> 00:29:32.725 align:middle line:84% So we're exciting the electrons and the sodium ions. 00:29:32.725 --> 00:29:34.100 align:middle line:84% They go to a higher energy state. 00:29:34.100 --> 00:29:35.300 align:middle line:84% Do you remember all the stuff that you learned 00:29:35.300 --> 00:29:37.040 align:middle line:90% in atomic structure, and so on? 00:29:37.040 --> 00:29:38.330 align:middle line:90% Make connections. 00:29:38.330 --> 00:29:39.960 align:middle line:90% Make connections with that. 00:29:39.960 --> 00:29:44.600 align:middle line:84% So I give you back this dollar bill 00:29:44.600 --> 00:29:47.000 align:middle line:84% because I said I would borrow it. 00:29:47.000 --> 00:29:47.960 align:middle line:90% So here it is. 00:29:47.960 --> 00:29:51.417 align:middle line:90% So what does it feel like? 00:29:51.417 --> 00:29:52.250 align:middle line:90% Of course, it's wet. 00:29:52.250 --> 00:29:55.400 align:middle line:90% It's 50% water, 50% alcohol. 00:29:55.400 --> 00:29:57.230 align:middle line:84% So wait a little bit until it dries. 00:29:57.230 --> 00:29:58.010 align:middle line:90% And then you can-- 00:29:58.010 --> 00:29:59.000 align:middle line:90% so thank you very much. 00:29:59.000 --> 00:30:01.135 align:middle line:84% Give her a hand for helping out with this. 00:30:01.135 --> 00:30:02.760 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 00:30:02.760 --> 00:30:03.260 align:middle line:90% 00:30:03.260 --> 00:30:06.890 align:middle line:84% So when you burn something that has carbon in it, 00:30:06.890 --> 00:30:08.940 align:middle line:90% you get carbon dioxide. 00:30:08.940 --> 00:30:11.270 align:middle line:84% Carbon dioxide is a gas at room temperature. 00:30:11.270 --> 00:30:14.090 align:middle line:84% We can't see it because it has no color. 00:30:14.090 --> 00:30:17.120 align:middle line:84% And we can't smell it because it has no odor. 00:30:17.120 --> 00:30:19.730 align:middle line:84% But everyone knows about carbon dioxide gas 00:30:19.730 --> 00:30:22.890 align:middle line:84% because you know about carbonated beverages. 00:30:22.890 --> 00:30:25.470 align:middle line:84% In fact, they're called carbonated beverages. 00:30:25.470 --> 00:30:27.150 align:middle line:84% They have carbon dioxide in them. 00:30:27.150 --> 00:30:29.910 align:middle line:84% I'm going to do an experiment right now 00:30:29.910 --> 00:30:33.030 align:middle line:84% so that we can learn a bit more about how much carbon dioxide 00:30:33.030 --> 00:30:34.980 align:middle line:90% is dissolved in this liquid. 00:30:34.980 --> 00:30:37.602 align:middle line:84% And to do this experiment, I'm going to use a baby bottle. 00:30:37.602 --> 00:30:38.810 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:30:38.810 --> 00:30:41.640 align:middle line:90% You remember that, huh? 00:30:41.640 --> 00:30:45.210 align:middle line:84% So this baby bottle has been modified slightly. 00:30:45.210 --> 00:30:48.180 align:middle line:84% I have replaced the nipple that has the hole in it where 00:30:48.180 --> 00:30:51.250 align:middle line:84% the milk flows out, with the rubber bulb from a medicine 00:30:51.250 --> 00:30:52.510 align:middle line:90% dropper. 00:30:52.510 --> 00:30:54.260 align:middle line:84% And this is a very strong piece of rubber. 00:30:54.260 --> 00:30:56.010 align:middle line:84% I'm going to try to show you how strong it 00:30:56.010 --> 00:30:59.950 align:middle line:84% is by attempting to blow air in it to see if I can inflate it. 00:30:59.950 --> 00:31:00.450 align:middle line:90% Here we go. 00:31:00.450 --> 00:31:05.040 align:middle line:90% 00:31:05.040 --> 00:31:05.580 align:middle line:90% Can't do it. 00:31:05.580 --> 00:31:07.330 align:middle line:90% It's very, very strong. 00:31:07.330 --> 00:31:11.520 align:middle line:84% So now, please listen carefully to this very familiar sound 00:31:11.520 --> 00:31:12.990 align:middle line:90% as I open the can. 00:31:12.990 --> 00:31:15.131 align:middle line:84% You've all done this or seen someone do it. 00:31:15.131 --> 00:31:15.630 align:middle line:90% Here we go. 00:31:15.630 --> 00:31:17.040 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:31:17.040 --> 00:31:18.660 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Did you hear that? 00:31:18.660 --> 00:31:21.450 align:middle line:84% Now, the can is open to the atmosphere. 00:31:21.450 --> 00:31:23.580 align:middle line:90% That's the sound from the metal. 00:31:23.580 --> 00:31:29.350 align:middle line:84% I'm going to take the liquid and put it in this baby bottle. 00:31:29.350 --> 00:31:31.460 align:middle line:90% What do you see? 00:31:31.460 --> 00:31:32.470 align:middle line:90% You see fizz. 00:31:32.470 --> 00:31:33.670 align:middle line:90% You see bubbles. 00:31:33.670 --> 00:31:35.959 align:middle line:90% What kind of bubbles are those? 00:31:35.959 --> 00:31:37.250 align:middle line:90% They're carbon dioxide bubbles. 00:31:37.250 --> 00:31:39.990 align:middle line:90% Where are they coming from? 00:31:39.990 --> 00:31:45.470 align:middle line:84% They're coming from the drink, from the liquid. 00:31:45.470 --> 00:31:49.340 align:middle line:84% But the pressure now is open to the atmosphere. 00:31:49.340 --> 00:31:50.930 align:middle line:84% And that's why they're bubbling out. 00:31:50.930 --> 00:31:55.580 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to fill it to the top, take the screw cap 00:31:55.580 --> 00:31:56.870 align:middle line:90% and tighten it. 00:31:56.870 --> 00:31:58.243 align:middle line:90% What should I do next? 00:31:58.243 --> 00:31:59.130 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Shake it. 00:31:59.130 --> 00:32:01.630 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You've done this experiment before, huh? 00:32:01.630 --> 00:32:02.423 align:middle line:90% So I shake it. 00:32:02.423 --> 00:32:06.590 align:middle line:90% 00:32:06.590 --> 00:32:09.770 align:middle line:84% And now you see how much carbon dioxide is dissolved 00:32:09.770 --> 00:32:12.440 align:middle line:90% in this carbonated beverage. 00:32:12.440 --> 00:32:14.520 align:middle line:84% There's so much carbon dioxide in there 00:32:14.520 --> 00:32:18.380 align:middle line:84% it's able to partially inflate this strong piece of rubber, 00:32:18.380 --> 00:32:20.720 align:middle line:84% that neither I, nor any other human being, 00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:24.324 align:middle line:84% can inflate with all the powers of our lungs. 00:32:24.324 --> 00:32:25.740 align:middle line:84% But you already know that there is 00:32:25.740 --> 00:32:27.750 align:middle line:84% a lot of carbon dioxide in drinks like this 00:32:27.750 --> 00:32:31.006 align:middle line:84% because what do you do after you take a sip or two? 00:32:31.006 --> 00:32:31.980 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Burp. 00:32:31.980 --> 00:32:33.021 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Burp. 00:32:33.021 --> 00:32:34.140 align:middle line:90% Yes, you burp. 00:32:34.140 --> 00:32:37.890 align:middle line:84% When you burp, please do it gently and politely. 00:32:37.890 --> 00:32:39.560 align:middle line:84% Your burp because the carbon dioxide gas 00:32:39.560 --> 00:32:41.250 align:middle line:90% is coming out of the liquid. 00:32:41.250 --> 00:32:43.590 align:middle line:84% So now let's see if I can release 00:32:43.590 --> 00:32:45.630 align:middle line:90% the pressure a little bit here. 00:32:45.630 --> 00:32:47.590 align:middle line:90% I do it carefully. 00:32:47.590 --> 00:32:50.190 align:middle line:84% If I don't do it carefully, what will happen? 00:32:50.190 --> 00:32:51.219 align:middle line:90% I will make a mess. 00:32:51.219 --> 00:32:51.760 align:middle line:90% You're right. 00:32:51.760 --> 00:32:52.770 align:middle line:90% It'll spread out. 00:32:52.770 --> 00:32:55.320 align:middle line:84% But I don't want to make a mess because 00:32:55.320 --> 00:32:57.630 align:middle line:84% this carbonated beverage has, among other things 00:32:57.630 --> 00:32:58.599 align:middle line:90% in it, sugar. 00:32:58.599 --> 00:32:59.640 align:middle line:90% And that sugar is sticky. 00:32:59.640 --> 00:33:00.605 align:middle line:90% I don't want to have. 00:33:00.605 --> 00:33:01.230 align:middle line:90% So there it is. 00:33:01.230 --> 00:33:02.930 align:middle line:90% It's open to the atmosphere now. 00:33:02.930 --> 00:33:05.400 align:middle line:84% And the carbon dioxide still bubbles out. 00:33:05.400 --> 00:33:10.470 align:middle line:84% You know from experience that when the drink goes flat, 00:33:10.470 --> 00:33:11.980 align:middle line:90% it doesn't taste as good. 00:33:11.980 --> 00:33:12.480 align:middle line:90% Right? 00:33:12.480 --> 00:33:13.230 align:middle line:90% Right? 00:33:13.230 --> 00:33:14.940 align:middle line:90% You're shaking your heads. 00:33:14.940 --> 00:33:17.230 align:middle line:84% Why doesn't it taste good, as good? 00:33:17.230 --> 00:33:20.160 align:middle line:84% Because all the carbon dioxide has disappeared. 00:33:20.160 --> 00:33:23.190 align:middle line:84% So why do we like carbonated beverages? 00:33:23.190 --> 00:33:25.210 align:middle line:84% Some of them have alcohol in them. 00:33:25.210 --> 00:33:28.540 align:middle line:84% Some of them have some sugar or sweetener in them. 00:33:28.540 --> 00:33:31.920 align:middle line:84% We like them because when we put the liquid in our mouth, 00:33:31.920 --> 00:33:34.110 align:middle line:84% the tiny gas bubbles come out of liquid 00:33:34.110 --> 00:33:35.730 align:middle line:84% and they tingle us under the tongue 00:33:35.730 --> 00:33:38.310 align:middle line:84% and give us a pleasant sensation. 00:33:38.310 --> 00:33:41.240 align:middle line:84% So that's about carbon dioxide gas. 00:33:41.240 --> 00:33:46.350 align:middle line:84% It is a colorless and it is a odorless gas. 00:33:46.350 --> 00:33:49.650 align:middle line:84% Now, what I'm going to do is an experiment using 00:33:49.650 --> 00:33:51.210 align:middle line:90% another form of carbon dioxide. 00:33:51.210 --> 00:33:52.800 align:middle line:90% It's called dry ice. 00:33:52.800 --> 00:33:55.740 align:middle line:90% Dry ice is solid carbon dioxide. 00:33:55.740 --> 00:33:57.888 align:middle line:84% And you'll notice I'm putting what on? 00:33:57.888 --> 00:33:59.640 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Gloves. 00:33:59.640 --> 00:34:01.380 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Putting gloves. 00:34:01.380 --> 00:34:03.600 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to open this bucket 00:34:03.600 --> 00:34:10.080 align:middle line:84% and pick up three chunks of carbon dioxide, solid. 00:34:10.080 --> 00:34:12.989 align:middle line:90% This is solid carbon dioxide. 00:34:12.989 --> 00:34:17.620 align:middle line:84% It's temperature is minus 78 degrees Celsius. 00:34:17.620 --> 00:34:19.300 align:middle line:90% It's very cold. 00:34:19.300 --> 00:34:21.460 align:middle line:84% That's why I use these gloves to protect 00:34:21.460 --> 00:34:24.190 align:middle line:90% my hands from frostbite. 00:34:24.190 --> 00:34:26.096 align:middle line:84% These gloves are not very good insulators. 00:34:26.096 --> 00:34:28.179 align:middle line:84% But for this purpose, they're good because I'm not 00:34:28.179 --> 00:34:29.980 align:middle line:90% squeezing on the dry ice. 00:34:29.980 --> 00:34:32.860 align:middle line:84% Dry ice changes from being a solid to a gas by a process we 00:34:32.860 --> 00:34:34.912 align:middle line:90% call sublimation. 00:34:34.912 --> 00:34:36.370 align:middle line:84% Sublimation is happening right now. 00:34:36.370 --> 00:34:37.203 align:middle line:90% But we can't see it. 00:34:37.203 --> 00:34:39.000 align:middle line:90% How come we can't see it? 00:34:39.000 --> 00:34:41.977 align:middle line:84% Because carbon dioxide is gas, is what? 00:34:41.977 --> 00:34:42.810 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Invisible. 00:34:42.810 --> 00:34:43.500 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's invisible. 00:34:43.500 --> 00:34:44.489 align:middle line:90% It has no color. 00:34:44.489 --> 00:34:49.330 align:middle line:84% By the way, if you ever see a colored gas, 00:34:49.330 --> 00:34:51.370 align:middle line:90% you run away from it. 00:34:51.370 --> 00:34:52.330 align:middle line:90% You heard me. 00:34:52.330 --> 00:34:54.940 align:middle line:84% If you ever see a colored gas, you run away from it 00:34:54.940 --> 00:34:58.030 align:middle line:84% because all colored gases are poisonous. 00:34:58.030 --> 00:35:00.640 align:middle line:90% All colored gases are poisonous. 00:35:00.640 --> 00:35:02.210 align:middle line:90% The converse is not true. 00:35:02.210 --> 00:35:05.170 align:middle line:84% There are some colorless gases that are deadly poisonous, 00:35:05.170 --> 00:35:08.200 align:middle line:84% including the close relative to carbon dioxide? 00:35:08.200 --> 00:35:09.320 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Carbon monoxide. 00:35:09.320 --> 00:35:10.150 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Carbon monoxide. 00:35:10.150 --> 00:35:10.650 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:35:10.650 --> 00:35:11.440 align:middle line:90% So, all right. 00:35:11.440 --> 00:35:13.870 align:middle line:84% So sublimation is happening right now. 00:35:13.870 --> 00:35:15.710 align:middle line:90% We can't see it. 00:35:15.710 --> 00:35:18.110 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to put those three back in here. 00:35:18.110 --> 00:35:20.750 align:middle line:84% And I ask you to focus your attention on what you 00:35:20.750 --> 00:35:22.340 align:middle line:90% see between my two hands here. 00:35:22.340 --> 00:35:24.630 align:middle line:84% What do you see between my two hands? 00:35:24.630 --> 00:35:25.630 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Cylinders. 00:35:25.630 --> 00:35:27.370 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What shape are they? 00:35:27.370 --> 00:35:28.000 align:middle line:90% Cylinders. 00:35:28.000 --> 00:35:29.477 align:middle line:90% How many of them are there? 00:35:29.477 --> 00:35:30.061 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Six. 00:35:30.061 --> 00:35:31.977 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And are they big cylinders 00:35:31.977 --> 00:35:33.020 align:middle line:90% or small cylinders. 00:35:33.020 --> 00:35:33.700 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Big. 00:35:33.700 --> 00:35:35.806 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Well, how big is big? 00:35:35.806 --> 00:35:36.590 align:middle line:90% This big. 00:35:36.590 --> 00:35:37.170 align:middle line:90% Yeah, I know. 00:35:37.170 --> 00:35:37.836 align:middle line:90% That's this big. 00:35:37.836 --> 00:35:39.190 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:35:39.190 --> 00:35:40.570 align:middle line:90% 00:35:40.570 --> 00:35:42.760 align:middle line:84% I'm going to ask you to do the very same thing I 00:35:42.760 --> 00:35:47.110 align:middle line:84% ask my students in my freshman chemistry course at Wisconsin 00:35:47.110 --> 00:35:48.220 align:middle line:90% to do. 00:35:48.220 --> 00:35:50.740 align:middle line:84% In order to sharpen your powers of observation 00:35:50.740 --> 00:35:54.100 align:middle line:84% and develop the skills of reporting these observations, 00:35:54.100 --> 00:35:58.570 align:middle line:84% I ask you to pretend to be the play-by-play radio announcer, 00:35:58.570 --> 00:36:00.640 align:middle line:84% describing to someone who is not with us what's 00:36:00.640 --> 00:36:02.872 align:middle line:90% going on, not the TV announcer. 00:36:02.872 --> 00:36:05.080 align:middle line:84% That person has got it made because the picture tells 00:36:05.080 --> 00:36:06.230 align:middle line:90% almost everything. 00:36:06.230 --> 00:36:08.402 align:middle line:90% So there are how many cylinders? 00:36:08.402 --> 00:36:09.429 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Six. 00:36:09.429 --> 00:36:11.970 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And what do you see inside the cylinders? 00:36:11.970 --> 00:36:13.320 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Colored liquids. 00:36:13.320 --> 00:36:14.080 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Colored liquids. 00:36:14.080 --> 00:36:14.580 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:36:14.580 --> 00:36:16.340 align:middle line:84% I'm listening to you on the radio. 00:36:16.340 --> 00:36:19.420 align:middle line:84% And what I hear you say is that there are six cylinders. 00:36:19.420 --> 00:36:21.340 align:middle line:84% And they have in them colored liquids. 00:36:21.340 --> 00:36:22.150 align:middle line:90% Come on. 00:36:22.150 --> 00:36:24.400 align:middle line:84% Your brain learned a lot more information 00:36:24.400 --> 00:36:27.010 align:middle line:90% than those two statements. 00:36:27.010 --> 00:36:28.710 align:middle line:84% So they're about this big, you said. 00:36:28.710 --> 00:36:31.570 align:middle line:84% I can see you on the radio saying, it's about this big. 00:36:31.570 --> 00:36:33.310 align:middle line:84% You've got to do better than this. 00:36:33.310 --> 00:36:36.190 align:middle line:84% Are they 100 millimeters in size? 00:36:36.190 --> 00:36:38.530 align:middle line:90% Are they 10 liters in size? 00:36:38.530 --> 00:36:40.100 align:middle line:90% Are they somewhere in between? 00:36:40.100 --> 00:36:40.600 align:middle line:90% Yes. 00:36:40.600 --> 00:36:41.590 align:middle line:90% We put a bracket on it. 00:36:41.590 --> 00:36:44.680 align:middle line:84% When we estimate in science, we put a bracket on it. 00:36:44.680 --> 00:36:47.000 align:middle line:84% And they have, yes, colored liquids. 00:36:47.000 --> 00:36:50.070 align:middle line:90% How do you know they're liquids? 00:36:50.070 --> 00:36:50.940 align:middle line:90% They could be gels. 00:36:50.940 --> 00:36:51.780 align:middle line:90% How do we find out? 00:36:51.780 --> 00:36:55.960 align:middle line:90% 00:36:55.960 --> 00:36:57.700 align:middle line:84% We shake them up a little bit because we 00:36:57.700 --> 00:36:58.780 align:middle line:90% know from experience. 00:36:58.780 --> 00:36:59.920 align:middle line:90% It's a keyword. 00:36:59.920 --> 00:37:00.840 align:middle line:90% We learn things. 00:37:00.840 --> 00:37:02.350 align:middle line:90% Our brain learns things. 00:37:02.350 --> 00:37:03.730 align:middle line:90% So we use them. 00:37:03.730 --> 00:37:05.440 align:middle line:90% So they're liquids. 00:37:05.440 --> 00:37:09.530 align:middle line:84% And they seem to be arranged in some kind of order. 00:37:09.530 --> 00:37:10.705 align:middle line:90% What is the order? 00:37:10.705 --> 00:37:13.390 align:middle line:84% It's the order of the color in the liquids. 00:37:13.390 --> 00:37:15.450 align:middle line:90% And they're arranged in pairs. 00:37:15.450 --> 00:37:17.416 align:middle line:84% This pair has what colored liquid in it? 00:37:17.416 --> 00:37:18.040 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Blue. 00:37:18.040 --> 00:37:19.015 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This one? 00:37:19.015 --> 00:37:19.510 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Pink. 00:37:19.510 --> 00:37:20.366 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This one? 00:37:20.366 --> 00:37:20.742 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Purple. 00:37:20.742 --> 00:37:21.991 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: All right. 00:37:21.991 --> 00:37:24.460 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take chunks of dry ice 00:37:24.460 --> 00:37:27.850 align:middle line:84% and put them in the cylinders in a very special way. 00:37:27.850 --> 00:37:34.156 align:middle line:84% And when I get done, you tell me what the special way is. 00:37:34.156 --> 00:37:36.790 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's blowing out. 00:37:36.790 --> 00:37:39.892 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What's blowing out? 00:37:39.892 --> 00:37:42.270 align:middle line:90% Do you see any bubbles? 00:37:42.270 --> 00:37:43.835 align:middle line:90% What kind of bubbles are those? 00:37:43.835 --> 00:37:52.354 align:middle line:90% 00:37:52.354 --> 00:37:54.020 align:middle line:84% I wish I had a camera and take a picture 00:37:54.020 --> 00:37:55.710 align:middle line:84% of the facial expressions I see here. 00:37:55.710 --> 00:38:00.370 align:middle line:90% 00:38:00.370 --> 00:38:03.870 align:middle line:84% A lot of interesting things are happening. 00:38:03.870 --> 00:38:05.012 align:middle line:90% How interesting are they? 00:38:05.012 --> 00:38:06.720 align:middle line:84% Are they interesting enough that you want 00:38:06.720 --> 00:38:08.110 align:middle line:90% to ask questions about them? 00:38:08.110 --> 00:38:08.450 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yeah. 00:38:08.450 --> 00:38:09.180 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Yeah. 00:38:09.180 --> 00:38:10.770 align:middle line:84% Well, you want to know what's in there? 00:38:10.770 --> 00:38:12.686 align:middle line:84% You already know what's in there, the dry ice. 00:38:12.686 --> 00:38:14.310 align:middle line:90% I put the dry ice in there. 00:38:14.310 --> 00:38:15.915 align:middle line:90% What did I put the dry ice into? 00:38:15.915 --> 00:38:18.900 align:middle line:84% Into the cylinders that have colored liquids in them. 00:38:18.900 --> 00:38:20.920 align:middle line:84% And I put the dry ice in every other cylinder. 00:38:20.920 --> 00:38:22.560 align:middle line:84% I didn't put it in every cylinder 00:38:22.560 --> 00:38:24.720 align:middle line:84% right, every other cylinder, leaving one 00:38:24.720 --> 00:38:26.030 align:middle line:90% for comparison purposes. 00:38:26.030 --> 00:38:27.840 align:middle line:90% So these are dyes. 00:38:27.840 --> 00:38:30.630 align:middle line:84% They'll change color when the pH of the liquid changes. 00:38:30.630 --> 00:38:34.230 align:middle line:84% Because carbon dioxide gas in water gives us carbonic acid. 00:38:34.230 --> 00:38:37.201 align:middle line:84% Every time we drink a carbonated beverage, we're drinking acid. 00:38:37.201 --> 00:38:37.950 align:middle line:90% Did you know that? 00:38:37.950 --> 00:38:40.800 align:middle line:90% That's a weak acid. 00:38:40.800 --> 00:38:43.540 align:middle line:84% But these cylinders have in them a little bit 00:38:43.540 --> 00:38:48.410 align:middle line:84% of sodium hydroxide, before I did the experiment. 00:38:48.410 --> 00:38:51.820 align:middle line:84% And they changed color because carbon dioxide, the gas, 00:38:51.820 --> 00:38:55.240 align:middle line:84% combines with the base that's in there. 00:38:55.240 --> 00:38:57.830 align:middle line:84% And the dyes are acid/base indicators. 00:38:57.830 --> 00:39:03.580 align:middle line:84% So this pair had an indicator called bromothymol blue. 00:39:03.580 --> 00:39:05.050 align:middle line:90% This has phenolphthalein. 00:39:05.050 --> 00:39:07.940 align:middle line:84% And this had a mixture of indicators. 00:39:07.940 --> 00:39:10.600 align:middle line:84% So in this pair, the color changed from what to what? 00:39:10.600 --> 00:39:12.040 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Blue to yellow. 00:39:12.040 --> 00:39:13.498 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: How about this? 00:39:13.498 --> 00:39:14.570 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Pink to-- 00:39:14.570 --> 00:39:15.736 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: To what? 00:39:15.736 --> 00:39:16.417 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clear. 00:39:16.417 --> 00:39:17.500 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clear. 00:39:17.500 --> 00:39:19.150 align:middle line:84% This is a clear and colored liquid. 00:39:19.150 --> 00:39:20.170 align:middle line:90% This is a clear-- 00:39:20.170 --> 00:39:22.450 align:middle line:90% this is colorless, your right. 00:39:22.450 --> 00:39:24.420 align:middle line:84% Clear and colorless do not mean the same thing. 00:39:24.420 --> 00:39:26.110 align:middle line:84% From now on, no one in this audience 00:39:26.110 --> 00:39:28.972 align:middle line:84% is going to confuse the words "clear" and "colorless." 00:39:28.972 --> 00:39:30.430 align:middle line:84% This is a clear and colored liquid. 00:39:30.430 --> 00:39:32.260 align:middle line:90% This is a clear and colorless. 00:39:32.260 --> 00:39:37.560 align:middle line:84% So now I ask you to focus your attention on this cylinder. 00:39:37.560 --> 00:39:39.760 align:middle line:84% Actually, you can focus your attention 00:39:39.760 --> 00:39:42.070 align:middle line:90% on anything you want to. 00:39:42.070 --> 00:39:44.220 align:middle line:84% You can even not pay attention if you want to. 00:39:44.220 --> 00:39:46.450 align:middle line:90% We live in a free country. 00:39:46.450 --> 00:39:48.960 align:middle line:84% But if you want to follow the experiment with me, 00:39:48.960 --> 00:39:51.040 align:middle line:84% I want you to focus your attention on this one. 00:39:51.040 --> 00:39:53.740 align:middle line:84% And tell me, count them out, how many different color changes 00:39:53.740 --> 00:39:57.754 align:middle line:84% you see as I drop the dry ice in there? 00:39:57.754 --> 00:39:59.245 align:middle line:90% [BUBBLING] 00:39:59.245 --> 00:40:04.220 align:middle line:90% 00:40:04.220 --> 00:40:05.826 align:middle line:84% I'm listening to you on the radio. 00:40:05.826 --> 00:40:06.580 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Wow. 00:40:06.580 --> 00:40:07.700 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: One. 00:40:07.700 --> 00:40:08.570 align:middle line:90% Wow, I heard wow. 00:40:08.570 --> 00:40:11.081 align:middle line:90% What kind of a count is that? 00:40:11.081 --> 00:40:12.990 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Three. 00:40:12.990 --> 00:40:14.670 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Three so far? 00:40:14.670 --> 00:40:16.151 align:middle line:90% Three different color changes. 00:40:16.151 --> 00:40:18.150 align:middle line:84% But you know, I'm listening to you on the radio. 00:40:18.150 --> 00:40:21.850 align:middle line:84% And you want me to appreciate what you're seeing. 00:40:21.850 --> 00:40:24.390 align:middle line:84% So what were the color changes that you saw? 00:40:24.390 --> 00:40:25.980 align:middle line:90% Why couldn't you say those? 00:40:25.980 --> 00:40:29.100 align:middle line:84% You see how we have to help our brain make 00:40:29.100 --> 00:40:32.910 align:middle line:84% the right observations and make the right reporting. 00:40:32.910 --> 00:40:35.160 align:middle line:84% So what about this stuff that's coming off of the top? 00:40:35.160 --> 00:40:37.790 align:middle line:90% What does it look like? 00:40:37.790 --> 00:40:38.730 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Gas. 00:40:38.730 --> 00:40:40.313 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It looks like gas. 00:40:40.313 --> 00:40:41.450 align:middle line:90% But actually what it is-- 00:40:41.450 --> 00:40:42.283 align:middle line:90% it looks like smoke. 00:40:42.283 --> 00:40:43.340 align:middle line:90% But it's not smoke. 00:40:43.340 --> 00:40:46.097 align:middle line:84% What's the name of the stuff that floats up in the sky. 00:40:46.097 --> 00:40:46.930 align:middle line:90% You can just say it. 00:40:46.930 --> 00:40:47.710 align:middle line:84% You don't have to raise your hand. 00:40:47.710 --> 00:40:48.380 align:middle line:90% Just say it. 00:40:48.380 --> 00:40:48.730 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clouds. 00:40:48.730 --> 00:40:49.540 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clouds. 00:40:49.540 --> 00:40:50.170 align:middle line:90% It's a fog. 00:40:50.170 --> 00:40:50.950 align:middle line:90% It's fog. 00:40:50.950 --> 00:40:52.270 align:middle line:90% It's a mist. 00:40:52.270 --> 00:40:53.980 align:middle line:90% It's condensed water vapor. 00:40:53.980 --> 00:40:57.490 align:middle line:84% The condensation is taking place on the cold carbon dioxide gas 00:40:57.490 --> 00:41:00.520 align:middle line:84% bubbles that are coming from the sublimation process. 00:41:00.520 --> 00:41:04.480 align:middle line:84% That's why sublimation is happening right now, right 00:41:04.480 --> 00:41:06.130 align:middle line:90% here, and also in this bucket. 00:41:06.130 --> 00:41:07.240 align:middle line:90% But we can't see it. 00:41:07.240 --> 00:41:08.880 align:middle line:84% But over here we can see it because gas 00:41:08.880 --> 00:41:10.582 align:middle line:90% is mixing with what here? 00:41:10.582 --> 00:41:11.290 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Liquid. 00:41:11.290 --> 00:41:11.383 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Liquid. 00:41:11.383 --> 00:41:12.892 align:middle line:84% And here gas is mixing with what? 00:41:12.892 --> 00:41:13.475 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Gas. 00:41:13.475 --> 00:41:13.930 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Gas. 00:41:13.930 --> 00:41:14.500 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:41:14.500 --> 00:41:20.740 align:middle line:84% So I always think, T-H-I-N-K, T-H-I-N-K, remember that. 00:41:20.740 --> 00:41:23.160 align:middle line:84% If you remember anything about my visit with you today, 00:41:23.160 --> 00:41:26.880 align:middle line:84% remember to T-H-I-N-K. Remember to think. 00:41:26.880 --> 00:41:28.890 align:middle line:84% So condensed water vapor is coming out. 00:41:28.890 --> 00:41:31.470 align:middle line:90% The mist is flowing downward. 00:41:31.470 --> 00:41:34.090 align:middle line:84% Why is the mist flowing downward? 00:41:34.090 --> 00:41:37.654 align:middle line:84% Because carbon dioxide gas is denser than air. 00:41:37.654 --> 00:41:38.570 align:middle line:90% It's heavier than air. 00:41:38.570 --> 00:41:40.580 align:middle line:84% And if we knew this, this is a beautiful way 00:41:40.580 --> 00:41:41.810 align:middle line:90% to be reminded of it. 00:41:41.810 --> 00:41:43.880 align:middle line:84% And if we didn't know it, we just learned it. 00:41:43.880 --> 00:41:45.770 align:middle line:90% So what I'm going to do here-- 00:41:45.770 --> 00:41:47.340 align:middle line:90% because she turned it off. 00:41:47.340 --> 00:41:49.590 align:middle line:90% Ah. 00:41:49.590 --> 00:41:50.130 align:middle line:90% No. 00:41:50.130 --> 00:41:52.064 align:middle line:90% I wanted it on. 00:41:52.064 --> 00:41:53.230 align:middle line:90% Let's see if it still works. 00:41:53.230 --> 00:41:56.730 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take this bucket, this bucket right here. 00:41:56.730 --> 00:41:58.200 align:middle line:90% It's empty except for what? 00:41:58.200 --> 00:41:59.370 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Air. 00:41:59.370 --> 00:42:01.110 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You can't see air. 00:42:01.110 --> 00:42:04.480 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to take the hot boiling-- 00:42:04.480 --> 00:42:05.310 align:middle line:90% ah, well, it's hot. 00:42:05.310 --> 00:42:06.170 align:middle line:90% I don't know if it's boiling. 00:42:06.170 --> 00:42:07.020 align:middle line:90% It was boiling. 00:42:07.020 --> 00:42:07.820 align:middle line:90% You could see it. 00:42:07.820 --> 00:42:12.090 align:middle line:84% I'm going to use my gloves now to protect my hands from heat 00:42:12.090 --> 00:42:13.770 align:middle line:84% because I don't want to burn myself. 00:42:13.770 --> 00:42:15.810 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to dump this water in here. 00:42:15.810 --> 00:42:22.430 align:middle line:90% 00:42:22.430 --> 00:42:24.945 align:middle line:84% I don't want to get the water trapped in the gloves 00:42:24.945 --> 00:42:26.570 align:middle line:84% because you know what then will happen, 00:42:26.570 --> 00:42:28.190 align:middle line:84% what will happen to my-- here we go. 00:42:28.190 --> 00:42:29.920 align:middle line:84% So what do you see coming off the top? 00:42:29.920 --> 00:42:30.640 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Steam. 00:42:30.640 --> 00:42:32.265 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Steam is invisible. 00:42:32.265 --> 00:42:33.190 align:middle line:90% You can't see steam. 00:42:33.190 --> 00:42:34.060 align:middle line:90% What are you seeing? 00:42:34.060 --> 00:42:35.050 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Water vapor. 00:42:35.050 --> 00:42:35.840 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Water vapor. 00:42:35.840 --> 00:42:37.090 align:middle line:84% This room is full of water vapor. 00:42:37.090 --> 00:42:39.580 align:middle line:84% Otherwise, my throat would be drier than it is right now. 00:42:39.580 --> 00:42:41.320 align:middle line:84% What are you seeing coming off the top? 00:42:41.320 --> 00:42:42.550 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Water vapor. 00:42:42.550 --> 00:42:44.258 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You're seeing a mist. 00:42:44.258 --> 00:42:45.670 align:middle line:90% It's condensed water vapor. 00:42:45.670 --> 00:42:47.720 align:middle line:84% The hot water vapor hits the cold air. 00:42:47.720 --> 00:42:48.400 align:middle line:90% It condenses. 00:42:48.400 --> 00:42:50.530 align:middle line:84% And then it gets the same temperature. 00:42:50.530 --> 00:42:51.880 align:middle line:90% It disappears. 00:42:51.880 --> 00:42:56.020 align:middle line:84% So what I'm going to do now is take the bucket of dry ice 00:42:56.020 --> 00:43:00.246 align:middle line:84% and put the dry ice right in there. 00:43:00.246 --> 00:43:01.725 align:middle line:90% [YELLS] 00:43:01.725 --> 00:43:11.092 align:middle line:90% 00:43:11.092 --> 00:43:12.571 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:43:12.571 --> 00:43:22.930 align:middle line:90% 00:43:22.930 --> 00:43:24.670 align:middle line:84% Just be careful not to touch the water 00:43:24.670 --> 00:43:26.800 align:middle line:90% because the water is very hot. 00:43:26.800 --> 00:43:27.430 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:43:27.430 --> 00:43:28.210 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:43:28.210 --> 00:43:32.380 align:middle line:84% So what I'd like you to do now is to go back and sit. 00:43:32.380 --> 00:43:36.040 align:middle line:84% Go back and sit where you were sitting before. 00:43:36.040 --> 00:43:36.790 align:middle line:90% I know that's-- 00:43:36.790 --> 00:43:41.350 align:middle line:90% 00:43:41.350 --> 00:43:43.300 align:middle line:84% Condensed water vapor is what we see. 00:43:43.300 --> 00:43:44.920 align:middle line:90% We see the fog is moving? 00:43:44.920 --> 00:43:45.740 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Down. 00:43:45.740 --> 00:43:46.170 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Downward. 00:43:46.170 --> 00:43:46.670 align:middle line:90% Why? 00:43:46.670 --> 00:43:48.550 align:middle line:84% Because the condensation is taking place. 00:43:48.550 --> 00:43:52.960 align:middle line:84% And the carbon dioxide gas, which is denser than air. 00:43:52.960 --> 00:43:55.660 align:middle line:84% This is a good way to demonstrate this. 00:43:55.660 --> 00:43:58.450 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take this out of the way and put it right here. 00:43:58.450 --> 00:44:03.477 align:middle line:90% 00:44:03.477 --> 00:44:05.560 align:middle line:84% This is how they make fog in the movies sometimes. 00:44:05.560 --> 00:44:08.020 align:middle line:84% Take boiling water, add dry ice to it. 00:44:08.020 --> 00:44:10.884 align:middle line:84% And you put a fan on it and blow it. 00:44:10.884 --> 00:44:12.550 align:middle line:84% And I have to tell you this little story 00:44:12.550 --> 00:44:14.530 align:middle line:90% because it's a true story. 00:44:14.530 --> 00:44:16.540 align:middle line:84% I do a lot of these presentations 00:44:16.540 --> 00:44:18.240 align:middle line:90% all over the world. 00:44:18.240 --> 00:44:21.340 align:middle line:84% In Madison, Wisconsin, my adopted hometown, 00:44:21.340 --> 00:44:24.580 align:middle line:90% I was at the airport one time. 00:44:24.580 --> 00:44:28.750 align:middle line:84% And a whole bunch of kids, about 20, maybe 25 kids, 00:44:28.750 --> 00:44:30.000 align:middle line:90% they saw me from a distance. 00:44:30.000 --> 00:44:32.291 align:middle line:84% They were getting on an airplane, going on a field trip 00:44:32.291 --> 00:44:33.280 align:middle line:90% to Washington, DC. 00:44:33.280 --> 00:44:34.780 align:middle line:90% And they ran to me. 00:44:34.780 --> 00:44:37.900 align:middle line:84% And they didn't say, hi, Dr. Shakhashiri. 00:44:37.900 --> 00:44:39.400 align:middle line:90% You know what they said? 00:44:39.400 --> 00:44:41.350 align:middle line:90% Condensed water vapor. 00:44:41.350 --> 00:44:42.220 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:44:42.220 --> 00:44:43.074 align:middle line:90% 00:44:43.074 --> 00:44:43.990 align:middle line:90% That's what they said. 00:44:43.990 --> 00:44:45.080 align:middle line:90% They learned it. 00:44:45.080 --> 00:44:46.330 align:middle line:90% They learned it. 00:44:46.330 --> 00:44:47.800 align:middle line:90% They said condensed water vapor. 00:44:47.800 --> 00:44:48.591 align:middle line:90% So they learned it. 00:44:48.591 --> 00:44:49.810 align:middle line:90% OK, good. 00:44:49.810 --> 00:44:50.310 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:44:50.310 --> 00:44:54.730 align:middle line:84% So now, we're going to do an experiment. 00:44:54.730 --> 00:44:56.260 align:middle line:90% Let's see. 00:44:56.260 --> 00:44:59.530 align:middle line:84% This is moving along very rapidly here. 00:44:59.530 --> 00:45:01.600 align:middle line:84% I forgot the directions for the next experiment. 00:45:01.600 --> 00:45:03.470 align:middle line:84% But you know, I brought my book with me. 00:45:03.470 --> 00:45:05.020 align:middle line:90% So here's my new book. 00:45:05.020 --> 00:45:07.185 align:middle line:84% So is it OK if I open the book and read 00:45:07.185 --> 00:45:08.310 align:middle line:90% from the book a little bit? 00:45:08.310 --> 00:45:09.018 align:middle line:90% Would that be OK? 00:45:09.018 --> 00:45:09.790 align:middle line:90% Is that OK? 00:45:09.790 --> 00:45:12.720 align:middle line:90% 00:45:12.720 --> 00:45:13.220 align:middle line:90% Ah. 00:45:13.220 --> 00:45:15.350 align:middle line:84% You see, this is not an ordinary book. 00:45:15.350 --> 00:45:16.280 align:middle line:90% This is a hot book. 00:45:16.280 --> 00:45:22.400 align:middle line:90% 00:45:22.400 --> 00:45:25.820 align:middle line:84% Actually, it's just the book covers. 00:45:25.820 --> 00:45:27.560 align:middle line:90% What's on the inside? 00:45:27.560 --> 00:45:28.960 align:middle line:90% I'll show you. 00:45:28.960 --> 00:45:30.830 align:middle line:84% There's a couple of batteries right here. 00:45:30.830 --> 00:45:32.800 align:middle line:84% I'll walk around so everybody can see it. 00:45:32.800 --> 00:45:34.140 align:middle line:90% I have two batteries. 00:45:34.140 --> 00:45:36.680 align:middle line:84% Batteries have stored in them chemical energy. 00:45:36.680 --> 00:45:40.170 align:middle line:90% And there is a filament up here. 00:45:40.170 --> 00:45:43.730 align:middle line:84% And then there is a flint that I soaked with lighter fluid 00:45:43.730 --> 00:45:46.160 align:middle line:90% when you were not looking. 00:45:46.160 --> 00:45:49.100 align:middle line:84% And what I have not told you yet, and you have not seen it, 00:45:49.100 --> 00:45:51.635 align:middle line:84% but I'm going to show it to you and tell you right now, 00:45:51.635 --> 00:45:52.760 align:middle line:90% there's a button down here. 00:45:52.760 --> 00:45:53.840 align:middle line:84% Can you can see the button down there? 00:45:53.840 --> 00:45:54.680 align:middle line:90% Huh? 00:45:54.680 --> 00:45:56.364 align:middle line:90% What color is the button? 00:45:56.364 --> 00:45:57.030 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Black. 00:45:57.030 --> 00:45:58.196 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Come on. 00:45:58.196 --> 00:46:01.160 align:middle line:84% You're doing the play-by-play description. 00:46:01.160 --> 00:46:01.730 align:middle line:90% Yeah, black. 00:46:01.730 --> 00:46:02.450 align:middle line:90% It is black. 00:46:02.450 --> 00:46:06.710 align:middle line:84% You have to report your observations. 00:46:06.710 --> 00:46:08.469 align:middle line:84% So you know about the fire triangle. 00:46:08.469 --> 00:46:10.010 align:middle line:84% It takes three things to have a fire. 00:46:10.010 --> 00:46:10.790 align:middle line:90% What are they? 00:46:10.790 --> 00:46:12.620 align:middle line:90% Something that burns. 00:46:12.620 --> 00:46:14.000 align:middle line:90% Oxygen, usually from the air. 00:46:14.000 --> 00:46:15.850 align:middle line:90% What's the third one? 00:46:15.850 --> 00:46:18.980 align:middle line:84% Heat, a source of ignition, a source of ignition. 00:46:18.980 --> 00:46:21.860 align:middle line:90% So you watch how I do this now. 00:46:21.860 --> 00:46:24.390 align:middle line:90% I stand over here. 00:46:24.390 --> 00:46:26.654 align:middle line:84% I move the book away from my face. 00:46:26.654 --> 00:46:28.630 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:46:28.630 --> 00:46:32.100 align:middle line:84% I'm connecting with you because you're paying attention. 00:46:32.100 --> 00:46:35.090 align:middle line:90% And I open the book. 00:46:35.090 --> 00:46:37.850 align:middle line:84% And when I push the button, chemical energy 00:46:37.850 --> 00:46:39.710 align:middle line:90% changes into electrical energy. 00:46:39.710 --> 00:46:43.160 align:middle line:84% And this light bulb filament is like all other filaments. 00:46:43.160 --> 00:46:45.590 align:middle line:90% It is not 100% efficient. 00:46:45.590 --> 00:46:48.684 align:middle line:90% It gives off light energy and-- 00:46:48.684 --> 00:46:51.100 align:middle line:84% and so let's see what happens when I push the button here, 00:46:51.100 --> 00:46:52.250 align:middle line:90% away from my face. 00:46:52.250 --> 00:46:52.750 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:46:52.750 --> 00:46:54.190 align:middle line:90% You saw that, right? 00:46:54.190 --> 00:46:58.420 align:middle line:84% So you tell me now, you tell me what 00:46:58.420 --> 00:47:00.100 align:middle line:90% happens when I close the book? 00:47:00.100 --> 00:47:01.900 align:middle line:84% What happened when I closed the book? 00:47:01.900 --> 00:47:03.237 align:middle line:90% Just say it out loud. 00:47:03.237 --> 00:47:04.610 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Cut off the oxygen. 00:47:04.610 --> 00:47:06.240 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Cut off the oxygen. 00:47:06.240 --> 00:47:08.570 align:middle line:84% You're like the students in my class. 00:47:08.570 --> 00:47:10.940 align:middle line:84% You give a correct answer, but not to the question 00:47:10.940 --> 00:47:12.410 align:middle line:90% that I asked. 00:47:12.410 --> 00:47:14.360 align:middle line:84% And that's why people sometimes don't do well 00:47:14.360 --> 00:47:17.870 align:middle line:84% on tests because they don't answer the question. 00:47:17.870 --> 00:47:20.360 align:middle line:84% So what was the question that I asked? 00:47:20.360 --> 00:47:22.670 align:middle line:84% I asked you what happened when I closed the book? 00:47:22.670 --> 00:47:23.900 align:middle line:84% What happened when I closed the book? 00:47:23.900 --> 00:47:24.300 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: The fire went out. 00:47:24.300 --> 00:47:25.883 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: The fire went out. 00:47:25.883 --> 00:47:28.040 align:middle line:90% Why did the fire go out? 00:47:28.040 --> 00:47:28.920 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:47:28.920 --> 00:47:32.030 align:middle line:84% Because there is no oxygen. You get it. 00:47:32.030 --> 00:47:34.950 align:middle line:84% We have to train our brains so we are connected 00:47:34.950 --> 00:47:36.920 align:middle line:90% with each other properly. 00:47:36.920 --> 00:47:38.380 align:middle line:90% So I open the book now. 00:47:38.380 --> 00:47:39.360 align:middle line:90% Is there oxygen or not? 00:47:39.360 --> 00:47:40.310 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:47:40.310 --> 00:47:42.018 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: But there's no flame. 00:47:42.018 --> 00:47:43.180 align:middle line:90% How come there's no flame? 00:47:43.180 --> 00:47:44.370 align:middle line:90% We're missing the heat. 00:47:44.370 --> 00:47:46.220 align:middle line:90% What should I do? 00:47:46.220 --> 00:47:47.900 align:middle line:84% Stop talking and push the button, right. 00:47:47.900 --> 00:47:48.900 align:middle line:90% That's what I should do. 00:47:48.900 --> 00:47:50.150 align:middle line:90% So I push the button. 00:47:50.150 --> 00:47:51.560 align:middle line:90% There it is. 00:47:51.560 --> 00:47:52.880 align:middle line:90% I'm running out of fuel. 00:47:52.880 --> 00:47:53.600 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:47:53.600 --> 00:47:54.290 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:47:54.290 --> 00:48:02.030 align:middle line:84% So this book cover is from volume 5. 00:48:02.030 --> 00:48:04.250 align:middle line:90% And now I have used it once. 00:48:04.250 --> 00:48:06.740 align:middle line:84% I cannot take it back on the airplane with me. 00:48:06.740 --> 00:48:08.900 align:middle line:84% But even if I could, I don't want 00:48:08.900 --> 00:48:11.390 align:middle line:84% to because I want to give it to Professor Lippard 00:48:11.390 --> 00:48:14.410 align:middle line:90% as a memento of my visit here. 00:48:14.410 --> 00:48:15.326 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 00:48:15.326 --> 00:48:18.990 align:middle line:90% 00:48:18.990 --> 00:48:21.780 align:middle line:90% So you can use it safely, Steve. 00:48:21.780 --> 00:48:23.220 align:middle line:90% And you know why? 00:48:23.220 --> 00:48:26.789 align:middle line:84% You know why we teach about the fire triangle? 00:48:26.789 --> 00:48:28.580 align:middle line:84% Not to help people start fires, but to help 00:48:28.580 --> 00:48:30.810 align:middle line:90% people put out fires. 00:48:30.810 --> 00:48:32.280 align:middle line:90% You think about that. 00:48:32.280 --> 00:48:33.840 align:middle line:90% So let's see. 00:48:33.840 --> 00:48:36.410 align:middle line:84% We've got a couple of other things going on here. 00:48:36.410 --> 00:48:38.460 align:middle line:84% What am I holding with my two hands right here? 00:48:38.460 --> 00:48:39.450 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Bottles. 00:48:39.450 --> 00:48:40.200 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What kind of bottles? 00:48:40.200 --> 00:48:40.699 align:middle line:90% Come on. 00:48:40.699 --> 00:48:44.040 align:middle line:84% Do I have to ask all the questions all the time? 00:48:44.040 --> 00:48:46.200 align:middle line:90% Play-by-play description, right. 00:48:46.200 --> 00:48:47.100 align:middle line:90% Are they what? 00:48:47.100 --> 00:48:48.870 align:middle line:90% What size bottles are they? 00:48:48.870 --> 00:48:50.142 align:middle line:90% What are they made of? 00:48:50.142 --> 00:48:51.434 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Plastic. 00:48:51.434 --> 00:48:52.850 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Do you realize 00:48:52.850 --> 00:48:55.775 align:middle line:84% how much technology is involved in this, 00:48:55.775 --> 00:48:56.900 align:middle line:90% in just making this bottle? 00:48:56.900 --> 00:48:58.670 align:middle line:90% Look, there's a shoulder here. 00:48:58.670 --> 00:49:00.260 align:middle line:90% There's an opening here. 00:49:00.260 --> 00:49:02.870 align:middle line:84% A lot of science and applications of science 00:49:02.870 --> 00:49:06.510 align:middle line:84% are involved in making those two-liter bottles, that 00:49:06.510 --> 00:49:07.590 align:middle line:90% are made of? 00:49:07.590 --> 00:49:08.450 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Plastic. 00:49:08.450 --> 00:49:09.616 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Plastic. 00:49:09.616 --> 00:49:11.127 align:middle line:90% They're made of plastic. 00:49:11.127 --> 00:49:13.460 align:middle line:84% And there's a little bit of a clear and colorless liquid 00:49:13.460 --> 00:49:15.800 align:middle line:84% near the bottom of each one of them. 00:49:15.800 --> 00:49:20.010 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to tell you what the liquids are. 00:49:20.010 --> 00:49:23.120 align:middle line:84% The liquid in here is hydrogen peroxide. 00:49:23.120 --> 00:49:27.170 align:middle line:84% It is 30% hydrogen peroxide, not what you buy in the drugstore. 00:49:27.170 --> 00:49:30.740 align:middle line:84% What you buying the drugstore is 3% hydrogen peroxide. 00:49:30.740 --> 00:49:32.690 align:middle line:90% And what do you buy it for? 00:49:32.690 --> 00:49:35.060 align:middle line:84% Because if you have a cut, you put the hydrogen peroxide 00:49:35.060 --> 00:49:36.320 align:middle line:90% on your wound. 00:49:36.320 --> 00:49:37.430 align:middle line:90% And what do you see? 00:49:37.430 --> 00:49:38.180 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Bubbles. 00:49:38.180 --> 00:49:38.540 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Bubbles. 00:49:38.540 --> 00:49:40.410 align:middle line:90% What kind of bubbles are those? 00:49:40.410 --> 00:49:42.110 align:middle line:90% They're oxygen bubbles. 00:49:42.110 --> 00:49:44.550 align:middle line:84% Because hydrogen peroxide breaks down very, 00:49:44.550 --> 00:49:48.810 align:middle line:84% very, very, very, very, very slowly into water and oxygen. 00:49:48.810 --> 00:49:51.470 align:middle line:84% But if there is something that speeds up 00:49:51.470 --> 00:49:55.130 align:middle line:84% that breakup, a catalyst, then it goes very fast. 00:49:55.130 --> 00:49:58.680 align:middle line:84% And the blood and the skin have in them such substances. 00:49:58.680 --> 00:50:01.910 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to take what looks like a small tea bag 00:50:01.910 --> 00:50:02.720 align:middle line:90% right here. 00:50:02.720 --> 00:50:04.130 align:middle line:90% I'm going to put it in there. 00:50:04.130 --> 00:50:09.740 align:middle line:84% And see if we can catalyze the decomposition or the breakup 00:50:09.740 --> 00:50:12.290 align:middle line:90% of the hydrogen peroxide. 00:50:12.290 --> 00:50:16.120 align:middle line:90% You can see that already-- 00:50:16.120 --> 00:50:17.370 align:middle line:90% what do you see on the inside? 00:50:17.370 --> 00:50:19.317 align:middle line:84% What do you see coming off the top here? 00:50:19.317 --> 00:50:20.400 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Condensed water. 00:50:20.400 --> 00:50:21.610 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Condensed water vapor. 00:50:21.610 --> 00:50:22.515 align:middle line:90% It's a mist. 00:50:22.515 --> 00:50:24.300 align:middle line:90% It's a mist, right? 00:50:24.300 --> 00:50:25.470 align:middle line:90% And where is it coming from? 00:50:25.470 --> 00:50:27.960 align:middle line:84% This reaction of the breakup of the hydrogen 00:50:27.960 --> 00:50:31.070 align:middle line:84% peroxide into water and oxygen is exothermic. 00:50:31.070 --> 00:50:32.130 align:middle line:90% It gives off heat. 00:50:32.130 --> 00:50:33.860 align:middle line:90% So the water is boiling. 00:50:33.860 --> 00:50:36.150 align:middle line:84% And the boiling water, when it hits the cold air, 00:50:36.150 --> 00:50:36.919 align:middle line:90% it condenses. 00:50:36.919 --> 00:50:38.460 align:middle line:84% And we see that until the temperature 00:50:38.460 --> 00:50:41.340 align:middle line:84% gets to be the same as the air temperature. 00:50:41.340 --> 00:50:42.730 align:middle line:90% And we don't see it anymore. 00:50:42.730 --> 00:50:45.240 align:middle line:84% So we always like to repeat the experiment in science. 00:50:45.240 --> 00:50:47.010 align:middle line:84% But before I repeat the experiment, 00:50:47.010 --> 00:50:49.260 align:middle line:84% I want you to look very, very closely, 00:50:49.260 --> 00:50:52.860 align:middle line:84% if you haven't been doing so already, about what else 00:50:52.860 --> 00:50:54.410 align:middle line:90% is happening to the plastic. 00:50:54.410 --> 00:50:55.710 align:middle line:90% But what is this? 00:50:55.710 --> 00:50:56.280 align:middle line:90% What is this? 00:50:56.280 --> 00:50:57.696 align:middle line:84% I'm listening to you on the radio. 00:50:57.696 --> 00:50:59.240 align:middle line:90% I can't see this. 00:50:59.240 --> 00:50:59.820 align:middle line:90% What is this? 00:50:59.820 --> 00:51:00.580 align:middle line:90% Tell me. 00:51:00.580 --> 00:51:01.750 align:middle line:90% Tell me out loud. 00:51:01.750 --> 00:51:02.580 align:middle line:90% Huh? 00:51:02.580 --> 00:51:04.440 align:middle line:90% The plastic bottle is shrinking. 00:51:04.440 --> 00:51:06.360 align:middle line:90% Amazing. 00:51:06.360 --> 00:51:08.400 align:middle line:84% When I was a student at Boston University, 00:51:08.400 --> 00:51:10.830 align:middle line:84% I learned that if you take a substance and you heat it, 00:51:10.830 --> 00:51:12.840 align:middle line:90% it stretches. 00:51:12.840 --> 00:51:14.130 align:middle line:90% But this is plastic. 00:51:14.130 --> 00:51:15.570 align:middle line:90% This is made by people. 00:51:15.570 --> 00:51:17.970 align:middle line:90% So plastics shrink. 00:51:17.970 --> 00:51:20.520 align:middle line:84% You all know that plastics shrink because you've 00:51:20.520 --> 00:51:21.870 align:middle line:90% heard of shrink wrapping. 00:51:21.870 --> 00:51:23.790 align:middle line:90% How does shrink wrapping works? 00:51:23.790 --> 00:51:26.490 align:middle line:84% You cover something up with a plastic sheet. 00:51:26.490 --> 00:51:28.380 align:middle line:90% And then what do you do? 00:51:28.380 --> 00:51:29.310 align:middle line:90% You heat it. 00:51:29.310 --> 00:51:31.470 align:middle line:84% How come when we heat plastic, it 00:51:31.470 --> 00:51:34.710 align:middle line:84% shrinks and when I heat a piece of copper, it stretches? 00:51:34.710 --> 00:51:35.550 align:middle line:90% How come? 00:51:35.550 --> 00:51:38.510 align:middle line:84% This is not a rhetorical question. 00:51:38.510 --> 00:51:40.730 align:middle line:90% I want to do T-H-I-N-- 00:51:40.730 --> 00:51:41.750 align:middle line:90% what? 00:51:41.750 --> 00:51:44.210 align:middle line:90% "K" about this. 00:51:44.210 --> 00:51:45.860 align:middle line:90% So be thinking about that. 00:51:45.860 --> 00:51:47.810 align:middle line:90% So we repeat the experiment. 00:51:47.810 --> 00:51:51.380 align:middle line:84% We're do the experiment right here. 00:51:51.380 --> 00:51:52.370 align:middle line:90% And there it is again. 00:51:52.370 --> 00:51:54.290 align:middle line:84% Let's see if the same thing happens. 00:51:54.290 --> 00:51:57.470 align:middle line:84% As you're watching that, I'm going to do now an experiment 00:51:57.470 --> 00:52:03.380 align:middle line:84% right here whereby I have this beaker. 00:52:03.380 --> 00:52:06.500 align:middle line:84% It's volume is about 600 milliliters. 00:52:06.500 --> 00:52:08.315 align:middle line:90% And it's empty, except for? 00:52:08.315 --> 00:52:08.899 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Air. 00:52:08.899 --> 00:52:10.148 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: All right. 00:52:10.148 --> 00:52:12.635 align:middle line:84% I'm going to put it on top of this other beaker. 00:52:12.635 --> 00:52:14.600 align:middle line:84% They're going to flip around like this. 00:52:14.600 --> 00:52:16.500 align:middle line:90% So everybody can see it. 00:52:16.500 --> 00:52:21.770 align:middle line:84% And I'm going to take two liquids, a clear and colorless 00:52:21.770 --> 00:52:26.770 align:middle line:84% liquid in my right-hand bottle and a clear and colorless 00:52:26.770 --> 00:52:28.651 align:middle line:90% liquid in the left hand. 00:52:28.651 --> 00:52:29.150 align:middle line:90% OK. 00:52:29.150 --> 00:52:32.480 align:middle line:84% You see that, if you're paying attention over here. 00:52:32.480 --> 00:52:34.250 align:middle line:84% But if you're still looking over there, 00:52:34.250 --> 00:52:35.610 align:middle line:90% then you're not watching this. 00:52:35.610 --> 00:52:38.360 align:middle line:84% And that's really what it's about. 00:52:38.360 --> 00:52:42.240 align:middle line:84% You have the freedom to choose what you want to do. 00:52:42.240 --> 00:52:44.450 align:middle line:84% And you will be effective in what you want to do. 00:52:44.450 --> 00:52:46.050 align:middle line:90% Be very careful about it. 00:52:46.050 --> 00:52:48.230 align:middle line:84% So that's kind of interesting right there. 00:52:48.230 --> 00:52:50.090 align:middle line:90% And you know what? 00:52:50.090 --> 00:52:52.220 align:middle line:90% Don't rush into anything. 00:52:52.220 --> 00:52:53.150 align:middle line:90% I'm rushing right now. 00:52:53.150 --> 00:52:54.950 align:middle line:84% I'm keeping an eye on the watch here. 00:52:54.950 --> 00:52:56.720 align:middle line:84% You all have other things you want to do. 00:52:56.720 --> 00:52:59.030 align:middle line:84% You probably want to go watch the Patriots play. 00:52:59.030 --> 00:53:01.130 align:middle line:90% That's up to you. 00:53:01.130 --> 00:53:04.340 align:middle line:84% But lots of fascinating, captivating, engaging, 00:53:04.340 --> 00:53:08.300 align:middle line:84% educating, informing, changes, transformations 00:53:08.300 --> 00:53:09.540 align:middle line:90% are happening over here. 00:53:09.540 --> 00:53:11.270 align:middle line:90% So watch this. 00:53:11.270 --> 00:53:14.960 align:middle line:84% I take this clear and colorless liquid and I put some of it 00:53:14.960 --> 00:53:17.900 align:middle line:84% in the beaker, about a hundred milliliters. 00:53:17.900 --> 00:53:20.890 align:middle line:84% How do I know it's about a hundred millimeters? 00:53:20.890 --> 00:53:23.927 align:middle line:84% I'm reading the markers here, on the beaker. 00:53:23.927 --> 00:53:25.510 align:middle line:84% And I take about a hundred millimeters 00:53:25.510 --> 00:53:27.334 align:middle line:84% of a different clear and colorless liquid. 00:53:27.334 --> 00:53:28.750 align:middle line:84% But you don't know it's different. 00:53:28.750 --> 00:53:29.932 align:middle line:90% They look the same. 00:53:29.932 --> 00:53:30.640 align:middle line:90% And look at this. 00:53:30.640 --> 00:53:33.000 align:middle line:90% Look what's going to happen now. 00:53:33.000 --> 00:53:34.464 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's yellow. 00:53:34.464 --> 00:53:35.880 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Isn't that one 00:53:35.880 --> 00:53:38.060 align:middle line:84% of the most fascinating observations you make? 00:53:38.060 --> 00:53:40.230 align:middle line:84% You take two clear, colorless liquids. 00:53:40.230 --> 00:53:41.500 align:middle line:90% You mix them together. 00:53:41.500 --> 00:53:45.810 align:middle line:84% And you get a yellow substance, that is insoluble in water. 00:53:45.810 --> 00:53:48.360 align:middle line:84% And you notice what happened over here? 00:53:48.360 --> 00:53:50.520 align:middle line:90% So this is-- this fell over. 00:53:50.520 --> 00:53:51.460 align:middle line:90% So it's pretty hot. 00:53:51.460 --> 00:53:53.190 align:middle line:90% I don't want to have it-- 00:53:53.190 --> 00:53:53.719 align:middle line:90% there it is. 00:53:53.719 --> 00:53:54.510 align:middle line:90% I want to have it-- 00:53:54.510 --> 00:53:57.090 align:middle line:90% 00:53:57.090 --> 00:53:58.710 align:middle line:90% it's going to fall over again. 00:53:58.710 --> 00:54:03.290 align:middle line:90% I'll prop it over here. 00:54:03.290 --> 00:54:05.270 align:middle line:84% So the little tea bag has in it a catalyst 00:54:05.270 --> 00:54:08.420 align:middle line:90% called manganese dioxide, MnO2. 00:54:08.420 --> 00:54:09.830 align:middle line:90% It has large surface area. 00:54:09.830 --> 00:54:12.521 align:middle line:84% It catalyzed the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxide. 00:54:12.521 --> 00:54:13.770 align:middle line:90% Is this one going to fall off? 00:54:13.770 --> 00:54:15.850 align:middle line:90% We'll wait and see. 00:54:15.850 --> 00:54:17.810 align:middle line:90% This is lead iodide. 00:54:17.810 --> 00:54:19.640 align:middle line:84% I mixed potassium iodide solution 00:54:19.640 --> 00:54:21.320 align:middle line:90% with lead nitrate solution. 00:54:21.320 --> 00:54:23.840 align:middle line:84% So the magician never tells you how the trick works. 00:54:23.840 --> 00:54:26.520 align:middle line:84% But in science, we like to know what's going on. 00:54:26.520 --> 00:54:31.070 align:middle line:84% So I close these back the same way. 00:54:31.070 --> 00:54:34.280 align:middle line:84% And now I'm going to ask you a question. 00:54:34.280 --> 00:54:38.080 align:middle line:84% I have a magnet coated with Teflon. 00:54:38.080 --> 00:54:41.390 align:middle line:84% And it's sitting on top of a motor, which I want to turn on. 00:54:41.390 --> 00:54:44.374 align:middle line:90% Can you see the bars spin? 00:54:44.374 --> 00:54:45.032 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:54:45.032 --> 00:54:46.490 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And you tell me 00:54:46.490 --> 00:54:48.200 align:middle line:84% what direction is the bar spinning 00:54:48.200 --> 00:54:49.370 align:middle line:90% when we look down at it? 00:54:49.370 --> 00:54:50.607 align:middle line:90% What direction is it? 00:54:50.607 --> 00:54:51.440 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clockwise. 00:54:51.440 --> 00:54:53.356 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: When you look down at it-- 00:54:53.356 --> 00:54:55.847 align:middle line:84% I'll slow it down a little bit so you can see it better. 00:54:55.847 --> 00:54:56.680 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clockwise. 00:54:56.680 --> 00:54:57.600 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clockwise. 00:54:57.600 --> 00:54:59.433 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's spinning clockwise, 00:54:59.433 --> 00:55:00.560 align:middle line:90% what we call clockwise. 00:55:00.560 --> 00:55:02.680 align:middle line:84% Now, what I would like you to do is 00:55:02.680 --> 00:55:05.920 align:middle line:84% to visualize that you're not looking down 00:55:05.920 --> 00:55:07.480 align:middle line:90% at this spinning magnet. 00:55:07.480 --> 00:55:09.170 align:middle line:90% But you're looking up at it. 00:55:09.170 --> 00:55:12.190 align:middle line:84% Imagine there is a ceiling fan up there. 00:55:12.190 --> 00:55:16.760 align:middle line:84% And it's moving in the same direction as this bar. 00:55:16.760 --> 00:55:17.687 align:middle line:90% So what is that? 00:55:17.687 --> 00:55:20.020 align:middle line:84% Here's what some of you are doing, is you're doing this. 00:55:20.020 --> 00:55:20.710 align:middle line:90% And you're looking up. 00:55:20.710 --> 00:55:21.580 align:middle line:90% And what do you see? 00:55:21.580 --> 00:55:22.710 align:middle line:90% What do you see up there? 00:55:22.710 --> 00:55:23.543 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: The light. 00:55:23.543 --> 00:55:25.240 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Counter-clockwise. 00:55:25.240 --> 00:55:28.000 align:middle line:90% You're confusing me. 00:55:28.000 --> 00:55:30.480 align:middle line:84% Is this my right hand or my left hand. 00:55:30.480 --> 00:55:31.240 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Right. 00:55:31.240 --> 00:55:32.435 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: I'm looking up at it. 00:55:32.435 --> 00:55:33.310 align:middle line:90% It's my right hand. 00:55:33.310 --> 00:55:34.120 align:middle line:90% I put it down here. 00:55:34.120 --> 00:55:34.994 align:middle line:90% It is my? 00:55:34.994 --> 00:55:35.660 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Right. 00:55:35.660 --> 00:55:38.040 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's still in my right hand. 00:55:38.040 --> 00:55:40.480 align:middle line:90% You're really confusing me. 00:55:40.480 --> 00:55:42.280 align:middle line:90% What's going on here? 00:55:42.280 --> 00:55:43.930 align:middle line:90% Here's what's going on. 00:55:43.930 --> 00:55:46.000 align:middle line:84% I want everyone in the audience, everyone, 00:55:46.000 --> 00:55:48.290 align:middle line:90% stick your finger out like this. 00:55:48.290 --> 00:55:50.870 align:middle line:84% And you and I are going to rotate our fingers 00:55:50.870 --> 00:55:51.920 align:middle line:90% in a clockwise direction. 00:55:51.920 --> 00:55:52.420 align:middle line:90% Go. 00:55:52.420 --> 00:55:52.940 align:middle line:90% Clockwise. 00:55:52.940 --> 00:55:54.620 align:middle line:90% Hey, I said clockwise. 00:55:54.620 --> 00:55:56.040 align:middle line:90% What are you doing? 00:55:56.040 --> 00:55:56.850 align:middle line:90% Clockwise. 00:55:56.850 --> 00:55:57.350 align:middle line:90% Watch me. 00:55:57.350 --> 00:55:58.160 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clockwise. 00:55:58.160 --> 00:55:59.701 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: I'm doing-- look. 00:55:59.701 --> 00:56:03.380 align:middle line:84% When I turn around like this, I'm doing it clockwise too. 00:56:03.380 --> 00:56:05.900 align:middle line:84% But when I turn around like this, what do you see? 00:56:05.900 --> 00:56:06.740 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clockwise. 00:56:06.740 --> 00:56:08.422 align:middle line:90% 00:56:08.422 --> 00:56:10.130 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So you have to think. 00:56:10.130 --> 00:56:11.870 align:middle line:84% You have to think about the perspective 00:56:11.870 --> 00:56:15.200 align:middle line:84% that you have in making observations. 00:56:15.200 --> 00:56:19.010 align:middle line:84% By the way, where does this idea of clockwise movement 00:56:19.010 --> 00:56:20.420 align:middle line:90% and counter-clockwise come from? 00:56:20.420 --> 00:56:21.320 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Clocks. 00:56:21.320 --> 00:56:21.780 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Clocks. 00:56:21.780 --> 00:56:22.321 align:middle line:90% Yeah, I know. 00:56:22.321 --> 00:56:23.337 align:middle line:90% It comes from clocks. 00:56:23.337 --> 00:56:24.389 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 00:56:24.389 --> 00:56:25.680 align:middle line:90% Where does it really come from? 00:56:25.680 --> 00:56:27.430 align:middle line:90% Do you know? 00:56:27.430 --> 00:56:29.390 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: The Sun. 00:56:29.390 --> 00:56:31.280 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: From the sundial. 00:56:31.280 --> 00:56:33.050 align:middle line:90% It's from the sundial. 00:56:33.050 --> 00:56:36.200 align:middle line:84% And as far as we know, was the sundial 00:56:36.200 --> 00:56:39.320 align:middle line:84% first observed in the Northern Hemisphere 00:56:39.320 --> 00:56:41.570 align:middle line:90% or in the Southern Hemisphere? 00:56:41.570 --> 00:56:44.540 align:middle line:84% As far as we know, it's in the Northern Hemisphere. 00:56:44.540 --> 00:56:46.670 align:middle line:84% So I want you to visualize, like you 00:56:46.670 --> 00:56:50.160 align:middle line:84% did with the ceiling fan, the sundial 00:56:50.160 --> 00:56:52.086 align:middle line:90% in the Southern Hemisphere. 00:56:52.086 --> 00:56:52.621 align:middle line:90% Oh, yeah. 00:56:52.621 --> 00:56:53.120 align:middle line:90% Right. 00:56:53.120 --> 00:56:55.310 align:middle line:84% I want you to think about that and see 00:56:55.310 --> 00:56:57.650 align:middle line:90% which direction it's going in. 00:56:57.650 --> 00:56:58.190 align:middle line:90% All right. 00:56:58.190 --> 00:56:58.970 align:middle line:90% It's moving. 00:56:58.970 --> 00:57:03.810 align:middle line:84% So now what I want to do, two more experiments. 00:57:03.810 --> 00:57:07.850 align:middle line:90% So here's a beaker. 00:57:07.850 --> 00:57:09.550 align:middle line:90% I have a question for you. 00:57:09.550 --> 00:57:13.520 align:middle line:84% Do you suppose there's a way for me to hold this beaker up 00:57:13.520 --> 00:57:15.173 align:middle line:90% in the air without touching it. 00:57:15.173 --> 00:57:15.812 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:57:15.812 --> 00:57:17.770 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So let me borrow your book. 00:57:17.770 --> 00:57:20.110 align:middle line:90% Now, it's your book, Steve. 00:57:20.110 --> 00:57:21.910 align:middle line:84% I don't mean put it on a book like this. 00:57:21.910 --> 00:57:23.530 align:middle line:90% I'm touching it right now. 00:57:23.530 --> 00:57:27.009 align:middle line:84% Do you suppose there's a way to suspend this beaker up 00:57:27.009 --> 00:57:28.300 align:middle line:90% in the air without touching it? 00:57:28.300 --> 00:57:29.293 align:middle line:90% Yes or no. 00:57:29.293 --> 00:57:29.877 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:57:29.877 --> 00:57:31.793 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Some of you are saying yes 00:57:31.793 --> 00:57:33.380 align:middle line:90% because you know how it's done. 00:57:33.380 --> 00:57:36.080 align:middle line:84% And some of you are saying yes because you trust that I'm 00:57:36.080 --> 00:57:38.300 align:middle line:90% going to show you how to do it. 00:57:38.300 --> 00:57:40.580 align:middle line:84% So here's what we're going to do. 00:57:40.580 --> 00:57:41.455 align:middle line:90% We're going to take-- 00:57:41.455 --> 00:57:44.210 align:middle line:90% 00:57:44.210 --> 00:57:46.310 align:middle line:84% you're doing the play-by-play description. 00:57:46.310 --> 00:57:47.898 align:middle line:90% What is this? 00:57:47.898 --> 00:57:48.886 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: A balloon. 00:57:48.886 --> 00:57:51.850 align:middle line:90% 00:57:51.850 --> 00:57:54.650 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What else can you tell me about it? 00:57:54.650 --> 00:57:55.858 align:middle line:90% Does it have a color? 00:57:55.858 --> 00:57:58.279 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's blue. 00:57:58.279 --> 00:57:59.320 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Look. 00:57:59.320 --> 00:58:04.330 align:middle line:84% I am told the brain receives every second about 11 00:58:04.330 --> 00:58:07.450 align:middle line:90% million bits of information. 00:58:07.450 --> 00:58:10.070 align:middle line:84% And a brain can't sort them all out at the same time. 00:58:10.070 --> 00:58:12.160 align:middle line:84% So we have to train ourselves how 00:58:12.160 --> 00:58:13.737 align:middle line:84% to make observations and report them. 00:58:13.737 --> 00:58:14.320 align:middle line:90% So here we go. 00:58:14.320 --> 00:58:19.040 align:middle line:90% 00:58:19.040 --> 00:58:21.280 align:middle line:90% Ta-da. 00:58:21.280 --> 00:58:22.630 align:middle line:90% Is the beaker up in air? 00:58:22.630 --> 00:58:23.369 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yep. 00:58:23.369 --> 00:58:24.868 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Am I holding it? 00:58:24.868 --> 00:58:25.779 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 00:58:25.779 --> 00:58:26.362 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 00:58:26.362 --> 00:58:29.350 align:middle line:90% 00:58:29.350 --> 00:58:32.530 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: So can you explain what this is? 00:58:32.530 --> 00:58:33.850 align:middle line:90% I pulled it out. 00:58:33.850 --> 00:58:36.780 align:middle line:90% Can you explain how this works? 00:58:36.780 --> 00:58:39.450 align:middle line:90% Can you explain how this works? 00:58:39.450 --> 00:58:40.950 align:middle line:84% So I want you to think about this. 00:58:40.950 --> 00:58:43.680 align:middle line:84% You also know what's going to happen when I let the air out 00:58:43.680 --> 00:58:44.230 align:middle line:90% of here. 00:58:44.230 --> 00:58:45.210 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Let go. 00:58:45.210 --> 00:58:46.334 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Let go. 00:58:46.334 --> 00:58:47.850 align:middle line:90% OK, I'll let go. 00:58:47.850 --> 00:58:48.870 align:middle line:90% You've done that before. 00:58:48.870 --> 00:58:50.280 align:middle line:90% Why does that happen? 00:58:50.280 --> 00:58:53.630 align:middle line:84% Lots of interesting things happen in science 00:58:53.630 --> 00:58:56.240 align:middle line:90% with familiar items. 00:58:56.240 --> 00:58:59.850 align:middle line:84% So how do you explain what happened here? 00:58:59.850 --> 00:59:00.450 align:middle line:90% What? 00:59:00.450 --> 00:59:01.740 align:middle line:90% You're thinking about it? 00:59:01.740 --> 00:59:07.032 align:middle line:84% Some people say that when I inflated the balloon in here, 00:59:07.032 --> 00:59:08.490 align:middle line:84% there was a change in the pressure. 00:59:08.490 --> 00:59:09.690 align:middle line:90% I want to tell you-- 00:59:09.690 --> 00:59:11.217 align:middle line:90% you can think about that too. 00:59:11.217 --> 00:59:12.300 align:middle line:90% I didn't bring it with me. 00:59:12.300 --> 00:59:16.410 align:middle line:84% But I went to the glass shop at the University of Wisconsin 00:59:16.410 --> 00:59:22.020 align:middle line:84% chemistry department and I sawed off the bottom of the beaker 00:59:22.020 --> 00:59:23.760 align:middle line:90% and it still works. 00:59:23.760 --> 00:59:26.550 align:middle line:84% So it's not the change in the pressure. 00:59:26.550 --> 00:59:28.600 align:middle line:84% But everyone here everyone, everyone, 00:59:28.600 --> 00:59:31.680 align:middle line:84% including the little kids, know the explanation 00:59:31.680 --> 00:59:33.420 align:middle line:90% as to why this works. 00:59:33.420 --> 00:59:35.180 align:middle line:84% But you haven't thought about it. 00:59:35.180 --> 00:59:36.460 align:middle line:90% You haven't connected it yet. 00:59:36.460 --> 00:59:40.170 align:middle line:84% So what I'd like you to do is take both hands right now 00:59:40.170 --> 00:59:41.965 align:middle line:84% and rub them very fast with each other. 00:59:41.965 --> 00:59:42.960 align:middle line:90% Rub very fast. 00:59:42.960 --> 00:59:44.010 align:middle line:90% What do you feel? 00:59:44.010 --> 00:59:44.970 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Friction. 00:59:44.970 --> 00:59:47.040 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You feel friction? 00:59:47.040 --> 00:59:49.860 align:middle line:84% You feel heat, which is the result of friction. 00:59:49.860 --> 00:59:52.950 align:middle line:84% As I said, you're like the students in my class. 00:59:52.950 --> 00:59:54.020 align:middle line:90% So friction. 00:59:54.020 --> 00:59:55.900 align:middle line:84% So can friction be related to this? 00:59:55.900 --> 00:59:57.319 align:middle line:90% You think about it. 00:59:57.319 --> 00:59:58.110 align:middle line:90% You think about it. 00:59:58.110 --> 01:00:02.280 align:middle line:84% So now what I want to do is do another experiment 01:00:02.280 --> 01:00:04.230 align:middle line:90% with the balloon right here. 01:00:04.230 --> 01:00:06.866 align:middle line:84% This time, I'll take what color balloon? 01:00:06.866 --> 01:00:07.574 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yellow. 01:00:07.574 --> 01:00:09.579 align:middle line:90% 01:00:09.579 --> 01:00:11.620 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: This balloon has a hole in it 01:00:11.620 --> 01:00:13.376 align:middle line:90% so that doesn't work. 01:00:13.376 --> 01:00:14.125 align:middle line:90% I'll try this one. 01:00:14.125 --> 01:00:18.760 align:middle line:90% 01:00:18.760 --> 01:00:21.380 align:middle line:84% I inflate the balloon, let some air out. 01:00:21.380 --> 01:00:23.600 align:middle line:90% And then I tie it. 01:00:23.600 --> 01:00:27.230 align:middle line:84% And now I'm going to ask you a question. 01:00:27.230 --> 01:00:31.360 align:middle line:84% Do you suppose there's a way for me to hold this balloon up 01:00:31.360 --> 01:00:35.080 align:middle line:90% in the air without touching it? 01:00:35.080 --> 01:00:37.930 align:middle line:84% So I don't mean put it in a beaker like this. 01:00:37.930 --> 01:00:39.280 align:middle line:90% I'm not touching it now. 01:00:39.280 --> 01:00:41.560 align:middle line:84% Do you suppose there's a way for me 01:00:41.560 --> 01:00:45.083 align:middle line:84% to suspend this up in the air without touching it, yes or no? 01:00:45.083 --> 01:00:45.666 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 01:00:45.666 --> 01:00:48.430 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Those of you who say yes-- 01:00:48.430 --> 01:00:51.640 align:middle line:84% those of you who say yes know how 01:00:51.640 --> 01:00:53.680 align:middle line:84% it's done or trust that I'm going to show you 01:00:53.680 --> 01:00:55.150 align:middle line:90% how it's going to be done. 01:00:55.150 --> 01:01:00.010 align:middle line:84% So suppose I take this balloon and I blow air in it, 01:01:00.010 --> 01:01:00.530 align:middle line:90% like this. 01:01:00.530 --> 01:01:04.691 align:middle line:90% 01:01:04.691 --> 01:01:06.690 align:middle line:84% That was held up in the air without touching it. 01:01:06.690 --> 01:01:08.148 align:middle line:84% But that's kind of hard on my neck. 01:01:08.148 --> 01:01:09.580 align:middle line:90% So suppose I take-- 01:01:09.580 --> 01:01:10.530 align:middle line:90% suppose I take this. 01:01:10.530 --> 01:01:12.470 align:middle line:90% What is this? 01:01:12.470 --> 01:01:13.440 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Blow dryer. 01:01:13.440 --> 01:01:18.739 align:middle line:90% 01:01:18.739 --> 01:01:20.780 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Is the balloon up in the air? 01:01:20.780 --> 01:01:22.680 align:middle line:90% Am I touching it? 01:01:22.680 --> 01:01:23.477 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 01:01:23.477 --> 01:01:25.560 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What is holding the balloon up 01:01:25.560 --> 01:01:26.408 align:middle line:90% in the air. 01:01:26.408 --> 01:01:28.120 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Air. 01:01:28.120 --> 01:01:29.510 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Air? 01:01:29.510 --> 01:01:31.445 align:middle line:84% There's air right now, but it's-- 01:01:31.445 --> 01:01:33.070 align:middle line:84% now, you're going to help me with that. 01:01:33.070 --> 01:01:36.700 align:middle line:90% 01:01:36.700 --> 01:01:37.210 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:01:37.210 --> 01:01:38.241 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:01:38.241 --> 01:01:38.740 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:01:38.740 --> 01:01:40.132 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Go faster. 01:01:40.132 --> 01:01:41.090 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: No. 01:01:41.090 --> 01:01:43.540 align:middle line:90% I was pushing the cold one. 01:01:43.540 --> 01:01:45.340 align:middle line:90% Look, you know. 01:01:45.340 --> 01:01:47.560 align:middle line:90% Each one of you knows. 01:01:47.560 --> 01:01:49.060 align:middle line:84% What was coming out the nozzle here? 01:01:49.060 --> 01:01:51.410 align:middle line:90% What was coming out of nozzle? 01:01:51.410 --> 01:01:54.280 align:middle line:90% A stream of air, right? 01:01:54.280 --> 01:01:56.890 align:middle line:84% A stream-- wind, that's what it was. 01:01:56.890 --> 01:01:58.280 align:middle line:90% So here we go. 01:01:58.280 --> 01:01:59.080 align:middle line:90% So do it again. 01:01:59.080 --> 01:02:04.930 align:middle line:90% 01:02:04.930 --> 01:02:06.850 align:middle line:90% Now, watch what I do here. 01:02:06.850 --> 01:02:08.260 align:middle line:90% Watch how I turn this. 01:02:08.260 --> 01:02:10.960 align:middle line:84% Watch how I turn this to the side like this. 01:02:10.960 --> 01:02:15.510 align:middle line:84% You can see how big of an angle you can get away with. 01:02:15.510 --> 01:02:16.390 align:middle line:90% See that. 01:02:16.390 --> 01:02:19.240 align:middle line:90% See that. 01:02:19.240 --> 01:02:20.110 align:middle line:90% All right. 01:02:20.110 --> 01:02:21.984 align:middle line:84% All right, I'll have it back from you please. 01:02:21.984 --> 01:02:24.440 align:middle line:90% 01:02:24.440 --> 01:02:26.650 align:middle line:84% You're all thinking about what the explanation is. 01:02:26.650 --> 01:02:28.062 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:02:28.062 --> 01:02:29.770 align:middle line:84% You're all thinking about the explanation 01:02:29.770 --> 01:02:32.650 align:middle line:84% because what I'm going to do next is take this. 01:02:32.650 --> 01:02:33.764 align:middle line:90% What is this? 01:02:33.764 --> 01:02:35.216 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's a ball. 01:02:35.216 --> 01:02:41.024 align:middle line:90% 01:02:41.024 --> 01:02:42.960 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: A Styrofoam ball. 01:02:42.960 --> 01:02:45.864 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Whoa. 01:02:45.864 --> 01:02:47.330 align:middle line:90% And a balloon. 01:02:47.330 --> 01:02:50.918 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And a balloon, up there. 01:02:50.918 --> 01:02:52.906 align:middle line:90% Am I touching any of them? 01:02:52.906 --> 01:02:54.530 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 01:02:54.530 --> 01:02:57.710 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What was holding them up in the air? 01:02:57.710 --> 01:02:59.060 align:middle line:90% Thank you. 01:02:59.060 --> 01:03:00.890 align:middle line:90% Moving air, right. 01:03:00.890 --> 01:03:01.400 align:middle line:90% Look. 01:03:01.400 --> 01:03:02.990 align:middle line:90% You all know this effect. 01:03:02.990 --> 01:03:05.600 align:middle line:84% You stand on a street corner and a big bus 01:03:05.600 --> 01:03:07.351 align:middle line:90% goes by, what do you feel? 01:03:07.351 --> 01:03:07.850 align:middle line:90% Woo. 01:03:07.850 --> 01:03:10.160 align:middle line:84% And you're driving on a highway and the big lorry truck 01:03:10.160 --> 01:03:11.748 align:middle line:90% passes by, what do you feel? 01:03:11.748 --> 01:03:13.152 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Nothing. 01:03:13.152 --> 01:03:14.556 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 01:03:14.556 --> 01:03:16.234 align:middle line:90% 01:03:16.234 --> 01:03:17.650 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: You know what? 01:03:17.650 --> 01:03:19.870 align:middle line:90% I believe you. 01:03:19.870 --> 01:03:21.220 align:middle line:90% That's your observation. 01:03:21.220 --> 01:03:24.130 align:middle line:84% I respect you for making an observation. 01:03:24.130 --> 01:03:28.920 align:middle line:90% But watch for it next time, OK? 01:03:28.920 --> 01:03:31.270 align:middle line:84% Now, this is a scientific principle. 01:03:31.270 --> 01:03:34.496 align:middle line:84% You all know what this principle is. 01:03:34.496 --> 01:03:36.120 align:middle line:84% It's named after a Swiss mathematician. 01:03:36.120 --> 01:03:36.914 align:middle line:90% It's called-- 01:03:36.914 --> 01:03:37.580 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Magic. 01:03:37.580 --> 01:03:40.702 align:middle line:90% 01:03:40.702 --> 01:03:42.910 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Bernoulli's principle, Bernoulli. 01:03:42.910 --> 01:03:43.290 align:middle line:90% Look. 01:03:43.290 --> 01:03:44.380 align:middle line:90% You all know about this. 01:03:44.380 --> 01:03:45.880 align:middle line:84% I don't want to get too personal about this one. 01:03:45.880 --> 01:03:47.200 align:middle line:90% You took a shower this morning. 01:03:47.200 --> 01:03:48.200 align:middle line:90% You turned the water on. 01:03:48.200 --> 01:03:50.560 align:middle line:84% Did the shower curtain move in or out, 01:03:50.560 --> 01:03:52.170 align:middle line:90% if you have a shower curtain? 01:03:52.170 --> 01:03:55.510 align:middle line:84% Sometimes we don't have shower curtains. 01:03:55.510 --> 01:03:56.830 align:middle line:90% So there's a change. 01:03:56.830 --> 01:04:00.400 align:middle line:84% There's a stream of air that causes things to happen, 01:04:00.400 --> 01:04:02.210 align:middle line:90% as we just saw here. 01:04:02.210 --> 01:04:04.990 align:middle line:84% So now I'm going to do an experiment. 01:04:04.990 --> 01:04:08.080 align:middle line:84% This experiment, with this, with this. 01:04:08.080 --> 01:04:09.700 align:middle line:90% What is this? 01:04:09.700 --> 01:04:10.617 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Plastic bag. 01:04:10.617 --> 01:04:12.533 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Could I ask you to help me 01:04:12.533 --> 01:04:13.560 align:middle line:90% with this experiment? 01:04:13.560 --> 01:04:15.220 align:middle line:90% OK. 01:04:15.220 --> 01:04:18.480 align:middle line:84% So what is it that Lou and I are holding? 01:04:18.480 --> 01:04:19.960 align:middle line:90% A plastic what? 01:04:19.960 --> 01:04:20.770 align:middle line:90% A piece of plastic. 01:04:20.770 --> 01:04:22.008 align:middle line:90% What color is it? 01:04:22.008 --> 01:04:23.920 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Blue. 01:04:23.920 --> 01:04:26.170 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Do I have to ask all the questions 01:04:26.170 --> 01:04:27.340 align:middle line:90% all the time? 01:04:27.340 --> 01:04:28.210 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 01:04:28.210 --> 01:04:28.710 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: No. 01:04:28.710 --> 01:04:29.560 align:middle line:90% You are asking them. 01:04:29.560 --> 01:04:30.830 align:middle line:84% You have to make these observations. 01:04:30.830 --> 01:04:31.330 align:middle line:90% Look. 01:04:31.330 --> 01:04:33.930 align:middle line:90% How long is it? 01:04:33.930 --> 01:04:36.330 align:middle line:90% It's about what? 01:04:36.330 --> 01:04:38.610 align:middle line:90% Is it about 1 meter, 10 meters? 01:04:38.610 --> 01:04:40.440 align:middle line:90% It's 2 meters in length. 01:04:40.440 --> 01:04:42.150 align:middle line:84% I have an opening at this end here. 01:04:42.150 --> 01:04:43.520 align:middle line:84% Do you have an opening over there, Lou? 01:04:43.520 --> 01:04:43.900 align:middle line:90% LOU: No. 01:04:43.900 --> 01:04:44.730 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: It's sealed. 01:04:44.730 --> 01:04:45.000 align:middle line:90% OK. 01:04:45.000 --> 01:04:46.724 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to change sides with you. 01:04:46.724 --> 01:04:48.640 align:middle line:84% I'm going to give you this opening right here. 01:04:48.640 --> 01:04:49.556 align:middle line:90% You hold it like this. 01:04:49.556 --> 01:04:50.640 align:middle line:90% You got it? 01:04:50.640 --> 01:04:53.010 align:middle line:84% And I'd like you to blow air in here so that we 01:04:53.010 --> 01:04:55.700 align:middle line:84% can count how many breaths it's going 01:04:55.700 --> 01:04:58.186 align:middle line:90% to take her to inflate this. 01:04:58.186 --> 01:04:59.520 align:middle line:90% And don't make her laugh now. 01:04:59.520 --> 01:04:59.760 align:middle line:90% OK. 01:04:59.760 --> 01:05:00.310 align:middle line:90% Come on, go. 01:05:00.310 --> 01:05:02.850 align:middle line:90% 01:05:02.850 --> 01:05:08.210 align:middle line:90% One, two, three, four. 01:05:08.210 --> 01:05:08.840 align:middle line:90% That's enough. 01:05:08.840 --> 01:05:10.970 align:middle line:84% I don't want you to hyperventilate. 01:05:10.970 --> 01:05:12.810 align:middle line:84% You know what hyperventilation is? 01:05:12.810 --> 01:05:15.830 align:middle line:84% Is it related to carbon dioxide gas? 01:05:15.830 --> 01:05:19.940 align:middle line:84% So this is what she did with four breaths. 01:05:19.940 --> 01:05:23.600 align:middle line:84% Now, I'm going to let the air out that you put in there 01:05:23.600 --> 01:05:26.300 align:middle line:90% and give you the closed end. 01:05:26.300 --> 01:05:30.479 align:middle line:84% And then I'm going to show you, if you pay attention, 01:05:30.479 --> 01:05:32.270 align:middle line:84% if you pay attention, I'm going to show you 01:05:32.270 --> 01:05:36.350 align:middle line:84% how you can inflate this two-meter long bag with one 01:05:36.350 --> 01:05:38.866 align:middle line:90% breath. 01:05:38.866 --> 01:05:39.740 align:middle line:90% You're smiling at me. 01:05:39.740 --> 01:05:41.120 align:middle line:90% You don't believe me. 01:05:41.120 --> 01:05:42.736 align:middle line:90% Do you remember what she did? 01:05:42.736 --> 01:05:44.360 align:middle line:84% She blew into it the same way you and I 01:05:44.360 --> 01:05:49.402 align:middle line:90% blow into a paper bag. 01:05:49.402 --> 01:05:50.860 align:middle line:84% So now I'm going to do it this way. 01:05:50.860 --> 01:05:52.830 align:middle line:84% I'm going to open this up like this. 01:05:52.830 --> 01:05:55.080 align:middle line:84% I lift it up a little bit so it's about-- yeah, right. 01:05:55.080 --> 01:05:55.579 align:middle line:90% Here we go. 01:05:55.579 --> 01:05:58.610 align:middle line:90% 01:05:58.610 --> 01:05:59.928 align:middle line:90% Let go. 01:05:59.928 --> 01:06:01.410 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 01:06:01.410 --> 01:06:02.892 align:middle line:90% 01:06:02.892 --> 01:06:04.374 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 01:06:04.374 --> 01:06:06.350 align:middle line:90% 01:06:06.350 --> 01:06:08.680 align:middle line:90% Did you see how it was done? 01:06:08.680 --> 01:06:10.382 align:middle line:90% Would you like to try it? 01:06:10.382 --> 01:06:11.145 align:middle line:90% LOU: Yes. 01:06:11.145 --> 01:06:12.186 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Yeah. 01:06:12.186 --> 01:06:13.750 align:middle line:90% That's the spirit. 01:06:13.750 --> 01:06:17.552 align:middle line:84% See, Leonardo said, you know, about experiments. 01:06:17.552 --> 01:06:19.990 align:middle line:90% So I take all the air out. 01:06:19.990 --> 01:06:22.350 align:middle line:84% And now you do it the way I did it, 01:06:22.350 --> 01:06:24.310 align:middle line:84% not the way you did it the first time. 01:06:24.310 --> 01:06:26.590 align:middle line:84% One long breath, right down the middle. 01:06:26.590 --> 01:06:29.100 align:middle line:90% Whenever you're ready. 01:06:29.100 --> 01:06:30.154 align:middle line:90% Close it off. 01:06:30.154 --> 01:06:32.050 align:middle line:90% [LAUGHTER] 01:06:32.050 --> 01:06:32.620 align:middle line:90% Only one. 01:06:32.620 --> 01:06:33.130 align:middle line:90% Only one. 01:06:33.130 --> 01:06:38.360 align:middle line:90% 01:06:38.360 --> 01:06:40.570 align:middle line:84% A lot better than the first time, right? 01:06:40.570 --> 01:06:41.670 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 01:06:41.670 --> 01:06:42.380 align:middle line:90% 01:06:42.380 --> 01:06:44.720 align:middle line:90% So here's a question for you. 01:06:44.720 --> 01:06:47.115 align:middle line:84% Do you think she has that much air in her lungs? 01:06:47.115 --> 01:06:47.656 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: No. 01:06:47.656 --> 01:06:48.239 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Yes. 01:06:48.239 --> 01:06:49.922 align:middle line:90% 01:06:49.922 --> 01:06:52.130 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Do you think I have that much air 01:06:52.130 --> 01:06:55.310 align:middle line:90% in my lungs to blow this? 01:06:55.310 --> 01:06:59.050 align:middle line:90% What's the explanation? 01:06:59.050 --> 01:06:59.550 align:middle line:90% What? 01:06:59.550 --> 01:07:05.704 align:middle line:90% 01:07:05.704 --> 01:07:08.120 align:middle line:84% Well, the thing-a-ma-jigger doesn't have much in air in it 01:07:08.120 --> 01:07:09.280 align:middle line:90% right now. 01:07:09.280 --> 01:07:11.260 align:middle line:90% So look. 01:07:11.260 --> 01:07:15.460 align:middle line:84% You all know the explanation for this 01:07:15.460 --> 01:07:18.100 align:middle line:84% because we just went through it in the previous set 01:07:18.100 --> 01:07:20.230 align:middle line:90% of experiments. 01:07:20.230 --> 01:07:24.360 align:middle line:84% What did I blow out of my mouth and what did she do? 01:07:24.360 --> 01:07:28.346 align:middle line:90% A stream of moving air. 01:07:28.346 --> 01:07:30.220 align:middle line:84% Remember, one of my slides says connectivity. 01:07:30.220 --> 01:07:31.512 align:middle line:90% You make connections. 01:07:31.512 --> 01:07:33.220 align:middle line:84% You make connections between what you see 01:07:33.220 --> 01:07:34.750 align:middle line:90% and what you already know. 01:07:34.750 --> 01:07:37.600 align:middle line:84% So a stream of moving air creates 01:07:37.600 --> 01:07:40.300 align:middle line:84% a partial vacuum and air comes in from the outside. 01:07:40.300 --> 01:07:42.050 align:middle line:84% That's called "what's his name" principle. 01:07:42.050 --> 01:07:43.002 align:middle line:90% What's his name? 01:07:43.002 --> 01:07:43.906 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Bernoulli. 01:07:43.906 --> 01:07:46.620 align:middle line:90% 01:07:46.620 --> 01:07:48.660 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: The whole thing was a setup. 01:07:48.660 --> 01:07:49.350 align:middle line:90% You knew that. 01:07:49.350 --> 01:07:50.430 align:middle line:90% That's why-- OK. 01:07:50.430 --> 01:07:51.870 align:middle line:90% So here's our grand finale. 01:07:51.870 --> 01:07:56.810 align:middle line:90% 01:07:56.810 --> 01:07:58.650 align:middle line:90% Here's our grand finale. 01:07:58.650 --> 01:08:00.860 align:middle line:84% It's a repeat of that experiment, 01:08:00.860 --> 01:08:02.340 align:middle line:90% which we're going to do. 01:08:02.340 --> 01:08:05.030 align:middle line:84% In this, you're doing the play-by-play description. 01:08:05.030 --> 01:08:06.344 align:middle line:90% What is it? 01:08:06.344 --> 01:08:07.300 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Black. 01:08:07.300 --> 01:08:09.288 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Black what? 01:08:09.288 --> 01:08:11.290 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Black tub. 01:08:11.290 --> 01:08:12.540 align:middle line:90% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: Black tub. 01:08:12.540 --> 01:08:14.617 align:middle line:90% And what is this? 01:08:14.617 --> 01:08:15.408 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Cylinder. 01:08:15.408 --> 01:08:25.170 align:middle line:90% 01:08:25.170 --> 01:08:28.319 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: And I take a clear and colorless liquid 01:08:28.319 --> 01:08:29.682 align:middle line:90% from this bottle. 01:08:29.682 --> 01:08:32.147 align:middle line:90% And I put it in there. 01:08:32.147 --> 01:08:36.082 align:middle line:90% 01:08:36.082 --> 01:08:37.540 align:middle line:84% And this clear and colorless liquid 01:08:37.540 --> 01:08:43.880 align:middle line:84% is 30% hydrogen peroxide, 35% hydrogen peroxide. 01:08:43.880 --> 01:08:44.689 align:middle line:90% And I take what? 01:08:44.689 --> 01:08:47.489 align:middle line:90% 01:08:47.489 --> 01:08:48.655 align:middle line:90% I put some of this in there. 01:08:48.655 --> 01:08:54.479 align:middle line:90% 01:08:54.479 --> 01:08:58.779 align:middle line:84% But I want to help the hydrogen peroxide break down into water 01:08:58.779 --> 01:09:00.950 align:middle line:90% and oxygen. So what do I need? 01:09:00.950 --> 01:09:02.529 align:middle line:90% I need a catalyst. 01:09:02.529 --> 01:09:04.090 align:middle line:90% I could use manganese dioxide. 01:09:04.090 --> 01:09:06.100 align:middle line:90% But it's not the only catalyst. 01:09:06.100 --> 01:09:09.720 align:middle line:84% I'm going to use this liquid right here. 01:09:09.720 --> 01:09:14.455 align:middle line:84% This is a clear, but slightly colored liquid. 01:09:14.455 --> 01:09:15.330 align:middle line:90% It's slightly yellow. 01:09:15.330 --> 01:09:18.295 align:middle line:84% So I'm going to put some of that in there and see what happens. 01:09:18.295 --> 01:09:24.730 align:middle line:90% 01:09:24.730 --> 01:09:25.720 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: It's yellow. 01:09:25.720 --> 01:09:29.200 align:middle line:90% 01:09:29.200 --> 01:09:30.768 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: What's happening? 01:09:30.768 --> 01:09:38.750 align:middle line:90% 01:09:38.750 --> 01:09:40.880 align:middle line:84% You're doing the play-by-play description, not me. 01:09:40.880 --> 01:09:52.260 align:middle line:90% 01:09:52.260 --> 01:09:54.720 align:middle line:84% Ah, it's going out of control here. 01:09:54.720 --> 01:09:56.591 align:middle line:90% I better put it down here. 01:09:56.591 --> 01:10:01.950 align:middle line:90% 01:10:01.950 --> 01:10:04.300 align:middle line:84% So this is that the decomposition of hydrogen 01:10:04.300 --> 01:10:09.520 align:middle line:84% peroxide using potassium iodide solution as the catalyst. 01:10:09.520 --> 01:10:12.910 align:middle line:84% So the different catalyst caused a lot of different changes 01:10:12.910 --> 01:10:14.120 align:middle line:90% to happen. 01:10:14.120 --> 01:10:16.270 align:middle line:84% And this is why we need to learn more 01:10:16.270 --> 01:10:21.850 align:middle line:84% about the science of the familiar, which is chemistry. 01:10:21.850 --> 01:10:26.430 align:middle line:84% And I want to really thank you for coming 01:10:26.430 --> 01:10:28.830 align:middle line:90% this afternoon-- this evening. 01:10:28.830 --> 01:10:35.080 align:middle line:84% I want to ask you one more time, what does my T-shirt say? 01:10:35.080 --> 01:10:37.960 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Science is fun. 01:10:37.960 --> 01:10:41.040 align:middle line:84% BASSAM SHAKHASHIRI: That's what I like, enthusiasm, science. 01:10:41.040 --> 01:10:44.260 align:middle line:84% So whatever you do, do it-- do it-- do it 01:10:44.260 --> 01:10:47.390 align:middle line:90% with a purpose in mind. 01:10:47.390 --> 01:10:52.321 align:middle line:84% Try to help the plasticity in your brain. 01:10:52.321 --> 01:10:54.570 align:middle line:84% But it's not just your brain that we're talking about. 01:10:54.570 --> 01:10:56.460 align:middle line:90% It's what's in your heart. 01:10:56.460 --> 01:10:59.850 align:middle line:84% Because one of the important elements of communication 01:10:59.850 --> 01:11:03.380 align:middle line:84% is what you feel in your heart, which is not something 01:11:03.380 --> 01:11:04.620 align:middle line:90% that was on my slide. 01:11:04.620 --> 01:11:06.150 align:middle line:90% So thank you all very much. 01:11:06.150 --> 01:11:06.900 align:middle line:90% Thank you, Steve. 01:11:06.900 --> 01:11:07.856 align:middle line:90% Thank you, Lou. 01:11:07.856 --> 01:11:09.290 align:middle line:90% Thank you, everybody. 01:11:09.290 --> 01:11:10.730 align:middle line:90% [APPLAUSE] 01:11:10.730 --> 01:11:16.250 align:middle line:84% And remember, no matter what you do, science is fun. 01:11:16.250 --> 01:11:17.150 align:middle line:90% Thank you very much. 01:11:17.150 --> 01:11:17.650 align:middle line:90% Thanks. 01:11:17.650 --> 01:11:19.300 align:middle line:90% AUDIENCE: Thank you. 01:11:19.300 --> 01:11:30.814 align:middle line:90%