WEBVTT

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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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JESSICA HARROP: Hi, I'm Jessica.

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And I'm going to show you
a chemical demonstration

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that I like to call
let's drink to that.

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Now performing chemistry
demos is hard work.

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And MIT's Dr. John Dolhun--

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here he is-- is thirsty.

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Let's watch him and
his assistant Barry

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at the Cambridge
Science Festival.

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[WHOOSH]

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Here
you've got some Fiji Water,

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but I figured you could
try some of, I don't know,

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my personal favorite
tap water as well.

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I don't know.

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JOHN DOLHUN: I think I'm going
to stick with the Fiji water.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: You're
going to stick with that?

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OK, that's fine.

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Well, if you'd like
I could treat you

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to something a little better.

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I don't know.

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What would you imagine?

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What it would like
to drink right now?

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JOHN DOLHUN: A glass of wine.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: A glass
of wine, absolutely.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Do you have a list?

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Wine list?

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh, yeah.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Oh, you do have?

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh.

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JOHN DOLHUN: You
left me a wine list.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Is there
one in particular you'd like?

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JOHN DOLHUN: Actually, you
have a cabernet on there,

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$15 a glass though, Barry.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK,
I got it just for you.

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So one cabernet.

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JOHN DOLHUN: That's
a nice light wine.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: There you go.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Has a
little color in it.

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Nice.

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[WHOOSH]

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JESSICA HARROP: So Barry
turned water into wine.

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In our video recording
of the experiment,

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the wine doesn't look
very red, but you

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can see the red color forming
at the bottom of the glass.

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He started with a
clear, colorless liquid

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that looks like water
but that actually

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contains sodium carbonate.

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Now, in water, sodium
carbonate breaks apart

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into CO32 minus, HCO3
minus, and OH minus.

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To go from water to wine, Barry
poured this sodium carbonate

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solution into a wine
glass that contained

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a little bit of the
indicator phenolphthalein.

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In acidic solutions,
phenolphthalein is colorless.

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But in basic solutions,
it's dark pink.

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So here's a pH scale.

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At around 8 on the pH scale,
phenolphthalein turns pink.

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So it goes from acidic to basic.

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And the OH ions in Barry's
fake water make it basic,

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so the indicator turns pink.

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So when mixed with
phenolphthalein,

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the sodium carbonate
looks like wine.

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Now, let's see
what happens next.

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[WHOOSH]

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: I have my own
favorite drink, milk, you know.

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It goes well with
cookies and everything.

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I really love it.

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So I'd love to show
you that if you--

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JOHN DOLHUN: All right,
you convinced me, Barry.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK.

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JOHN DOLHUN: I'll go with milk--

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK, absolutely.

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JOHN DOLHUN: --and cookies.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: I'll give you
the cookies afterwards, yes.

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So just take that
from me for a sec.

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Here's your milk.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Wait
a minute, Barry.

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That was my $15
cabernet and it just

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turned into a glass of milk.

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[WHOOSH]

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JESSICA HARROP: So Dr. Dolhun
wants milk for his cookies,

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but all he has is wine.

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So to go from wine to
milk, Barry pours the wine

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into another glass.

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This glass contains
barium chloride.

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And barium chloride
dissolves in water,

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forming barium 2
plus and 2 Cl minus.

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Now, the barium 2 plus reacts
with the carbonate ions

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in the original solution to
produce barium carbonate, which

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is a solid white precipitate.

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And, of course, the
solid white precipitate

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makes it look like milk.

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But is Dr. Dolhun
satisfied with milk?

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Let's find out.

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[WHOOSH]

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JOHN DOLHUN: That
was my $15 cabernet.

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And it just turned
into a glass of milk.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Oh,
sorry about that.

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I thought you wanted the milk.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Barry,
it's a bad deal.

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Is this milk organic?

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Uh, no.

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[LAUGHTER]

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JOHN DOLHUN: Barry, come on.

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You you have to do
something for me.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: OK, fine.

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How about this?

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I'll treat you.

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I'll give you some beer.

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It's on the house.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Beer?

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Yeah.

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JOHN DOLHUN: Now you're talking.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: As a little
substitute, a little pay,

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you know, return for
messing up your order.

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So just take that
from you right here.

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JOHN DOLHUN: That is nice.

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[APPLAUSE]

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A beer with a frothy top on it.

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BARRY KRIEGSMAN: Enjoy, enjoy.

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[WHOOSH]

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JESSICA HARROP: Finally, Barry
turns the milk into beer.

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To do this, he adds some
hydrochloric acid to the mix.

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Now this dissolves
the barium carbonate,

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the solid white precipitate.

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And this is the reaction.

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So he adds the hydrochloric
acid, which breaks apart

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the barium carbonate solid.

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This yields barium, water, and
carbon dioxide gas is released.

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And this H plus in
the reaction comes

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from the hydrochloric acid.

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To get the yellow
beer color, Barry

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throws in some dichromate,
which is yellow.

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And he puts a lump of solid
carbon dioxide or dry ice in it

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to make it bubble.

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So what did Dr. Dolhun
and Barry show us today?

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They took a clear solution
with certain chemicals in it

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that turns color, pink, when
another chemical is added,

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then goes milky when
another chemical is added,

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then goes clear again
when another is added,

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and then goes yellow
and bubbles when

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two more chemicals are added.

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This shows us how
chemistry can be

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used to program a system to
take on different observable

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properties.

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It's truly magical.

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[MUSIC PLAYING]

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That's it for me.

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Hope you enjoyed the magic.

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