New Transportation courses in all departments from MIT OpenCourseWare, provider of free and open MIT course materials. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/transportation/ 2021-06-02T15:26:30+05:00 MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu en-US Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This is a three-day workshop that took place during the MIT Independent Activities Period (IAP) in January, 2019. This workshop aims to provide information for students to prepare for the FAA Private Pilot Knowledge Test. Topics include airplane aerodynamics, aircraft systems, navigation, meteorology, aircraft ownership and maintenance, aircraft performance, multi-engine and jets. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-687-private-pilot-ground-school-january-iap-2019 January IAP 2019 Greenspun, Philip Srivastava, Tina 2020-04-27T15:47:24+05:00 16.687 en-US flight training FAA Private Pilot Knowledge Exam aerodynamics navigation aircraft performance aircraft ownership and maintenance flight planning small UAS operations multi-engine and jets MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course discusses the evolution and role of urban public transportation modes, systems, and services, focusing on bus and rail. It covers various topics, including current practice and new methods for data collection and analysis, performance monitoring, route design, frequency determination, vehicle and crew scheduling, effect of pricing policy and service quality on ridership. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-258j-public-transportation-systems-spring-2017 Spring 2017 Wilson, Nigel Sanchez-Martinez, Gabriel E. Nassir, Neema 2019-05-10T20:56:53+05:00 1.258J 11.541J en-US public transportation modes performance monitoring route and network design vehicle and crew scheduling frequency determination organizational models MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course will highlight common principles that permeate the functioning of networks and how the same issues related to robustness, fragility and interlinkages arise in several different types of networks. It will both introduce conceptual tools from dynamical systems, random graph models, optimization and game theory, and cover a wide variety of applications. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/economics/14-15j-networks-spring-2018 Spring 2018 Roozbehani, Mardavij Sadler, Evan 2018-12-07T20:36:26+05:00 14.15J 6.207J en-US networks economics dynamic systems graph models game theory network effects diffusion models network models Markov chains social network MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class covers topics on the engineering of computer software and hardware systems. Topics include techniques for controlling complexity; strong modularity using client-server design, operating systems; performance, networks; naming; security and privacy; fault-tolerant systems, atomicity and coordination of concurrent activities, and recovery; impact of computer systems on society. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-033-computer-system-engineering-spring-2018 Spring 2018 LaCurts, Katrina 2018-10-05T13:22:14+05:00 6.033 en-US computer systems systems design client server operating system networks routing atomicity network security fault tolerance authentication cryptography UNIX mapreduce databases distributed transactions DNS virtual machines DARPA traceroute RON DCTP PDP CDN BitTorrent Bitcoin VoIP LDF WAL DNSSEC DDoS Botnets Tor MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm With increasing public awareness of the multiple effects of global environmental change, the terms water, energy, and food crisis have become widely used in scientific and political debates on sustainable development and environmental policy. Although each of these crises has distinct drivers and consequences, providing sustainable supplies of water, energy, and food are deeply interrelated challenges and require a profound understanding of the political, socioeconomic, and cultural factors that have historically shaped these interrelations at a local and global scale. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/science-technology-and-society/sts-032-energy-environment-and-society-global-politics-technologies-and-ecologies-of-the-water-energy-food-crises-spring-2018 Spring 2018 San Martin, William 2018-08-09T18:20:07+05:00 STS.032 en-US energy sustainability environment public policy society history global politics world development developing countries case studies technology food scarcity water crisis natural resources environmental governance food security MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course studies the fundamentals of how the design and operation of internal combustion engines affect their performance, efficiency, fuel requirements, and environmental impact. Topics include fluid flow, thermodynamics, combustion, heat transfer and friction phenomena, and fuel properties, with reference to engine power, efficiency, and emissions. Students examine the design features and operating characteristics of different types of internal combustion engines: spark-ignition, diesel, stratified-charge, and mixed-cycle engines. The class includes lab project in the Engine Laboratory. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-61-internal-combustion-engines-spring-2017 Spring 2017 Cheng, Wai 2018-08-01T13:56:39+05:00 2.61 en-US internal combustion engines engine operation engine fuel requirements environmental impact fluid flow thermodynamics combustion heat transfer friction phenomena fuel properties spark-ignition stratified-charge mixed-cycle engine MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course focuses on national environmental and energy policy-making; environmental ethics; the techniques of environmental analysis; and strategies for collaborative environmental decision-making. The primary objective of the course is to help students formulate a personal theory of environmental planning practice. The course is taught comparatively, with constant references to examples from around the world. It is required of all graduate students pursuing an environmental policy and planning specialization in the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT. This course is the first subject in the Environmental Policy and Planning sequence. It reviews philosophical debates including growth vs. deep ecology, "command-and-control" vs. market-oriented approaches to regulation, and the importance of expertise vs. indigenous knowledge. Emphasis is placed on environmental planning techniques and strategies. Related topics include the management of sustainability, the politics of ecosystem management, environmental governance and the changing role of civil society, ecological economics, integrated assessment (combining environmental impact assessment (EIA) and risk assessment), joint fact finding in science-intensive policy disputes, environmental justice in poor communities of color, and environmental dispute resolution. Environmental Problem-Solving (Susskind et. al, 2017, Anthem Press), a video-enhanced eBook, provides students with full access to all the assigned readings, faculty commentary on the readings, and examples of the best student performance on course assignments in previous years.  https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/urban-studies-and-planning/11-601-introduction-to-environmental-policy-and-planning-fall-2016 Fall 2016 Susskind, Lawrence 2017-08-17T18:28:43+05:00 11.601 en-US environmental policy environmental planning environment policy making environmental ethics ethics environmental analysis environmental impact assessment sustainability analysis energy planning energy MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course examines the policy, politics, planning, and engineering of transportation systems in urban areas, with a special focus on the Boston area. It covers the role of the federal, state, and local government and the MPO, public transit in the era of the automobile, analysis of current trends and pattern breaks; analytical tools for transportation planning, traffic engineering, and policy analysis; the contribution of transportation to air pollution, social costs, and climate change; land use and transportation interactions, and more. Transportation sustainability is a central theme throughout the course, as well as consideration of if and how it is possible to resolve the tension between the three E's (environment, economy, and equity). The goal of this course is to elicit discussion, stimulate independent thinking, and encourage students to understand and challenge the "conventional wisdom" of transportation planning. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-252j-urban-transportation-planning-fall-2016 Fall 2016 Salvucci, Frederick 2017-03-20T16:38:14+05:00 1.252J 11.540J en-US urban planning urban transportation transportation policy, planning public transit traffic engineering policy analysis air pollution social climate change land use traffic pedestrians traffic calming infrastructure Big Dig environmental engineering highway finance environmental and planning regulations air quality modal characteristics information technologies MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course covers important concepts and techniques in designing and operating safety-critical systems. Topics include the nature of risk, formal accident and human error models, causes of accidents, fundamental concepts of system safety engineering, system and software hazard analysis, designing for safety, fault tolerance, safety issues in the design of human-machine interaction, verification of safety, creating a safety culture, and management of safety-critical projects. Includes a class project involving the high-level system design and analysis of a safety-critical system. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-863j-system-safety-spring-2016 Spring 2016 Leveson, Nancy 2016-11-29T19:17:51+05:00 16.863J ESD.863J IDS.340J en-US ESD.863J ESD.863 16.863J 16.863 risk management human error models system safety engineering hazard analysis safety design fault tolerance safety-critical system human factors. cyber security Systems Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course covers the fundamentals of rocket propulsion and discusses advanced concepts in space propulsion ranging from chemical to electrical engines. Topics include advanced mission analysis, physics and engineering of microthrusters, solid propellant rockets, electrothermal, electrostatic, and electromagnetic schemes for accelerating propellants. Additionally, satellite power systems and their relation to propulsion systems are discussed. The course includes laboratory work emphasizing the design and characterization of electric propulsion engines. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-522-space-propulsion-spring-2015 Spring 2015 Martinez-Sanchez, Manuel Lozano, Paulo 2015-12-23T02:16:05+05:00 16.522 en-US space propulsion rocket propulsion spacecraft propulsion requirements propulsion space mission analysis monopropellant thrusters arcjets ion engines hall thrusters electromagnetic plasma acceleration electrothermal augmentation electrostatic thrusters magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters electrospray propulsion electrodynamic tethers space power MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course presents principles of naval architecture, ship geometry, hydrostatics, calculation and drawing of curves of form, intact and damage stability, hull structure strength calculations and ship resistance. It introduces computer-aided naval ship design and analysis tools. Projects include analysis of ship lines drawings, calculation of ship hydrostatic characteristics, analysis of intact and damaged stability, ship model testing, and hull structure strength calculations. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-700-principles-of-naval-architecture-fall-2014 Fall 2014 Harbour, Joel Sapsis, Themistoklis 2015-04-13T16:19:24+05:00 2.700 2.701 en-US naval architecture ship geometry geometry of ships ship resistance flow hydrostatics intact stability damage stability general stability hull hydrostatic ship model testing hull structure Resistance Propulsion Vibration submarine hull subdivision midsection MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm In the trilogy of D-Lab courses, D-Lab: Dissemination focuses on disseminating innovations among underserved communities, especially in developing countries. Students acquire skills related to building partnerships and piloting, financing, implementing, and scaling-up a selected innovation for the common good. The course is structured around MIT and outside competitions. Teams develop an idea, project or (social) business plan that is "ready to roll" by term's end. Course includes an on-line forum discussion board, student-led case studies and a final proposal or business plan for realizing your dream innovation. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/edgerton-center/ec-715-d-lab-disseminating-innovations-for-the-common-good-spring-2007 Spring 2007 Murcott, Susan 2015-03-18T01:12:33+05:00 EC.715 en-US development innovation technology implementation third world developing nations social business plan project development poverty hygiene health MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm D-Lab Development addresses issues of technological improvements at the micro level for developing countries—in particular, how the quality of life of low-income households can be improved by adaptation of low cost and sustainable technologies. Discussion of development issues as well as project implementation challenges are addressed through lectures, case studies, guest speakers and laboratory exercises. Students form project teams to partner with mostly local level organizations in developing countries, and formulate plans for an IAP site visit. (Previous field sites include Ghana, Brazil, Honduras and India.) Project team meetings focus on developing specific projects and include cultural, social, political, environmental and economic overviews of the countries and localities to be visited as well as an introduction to the local languages. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/edgerton-center/ec-701j-d-lab-i-development-fall-2009 Fall 2009 Smith, Amy J. Sanyal, Bishwapriya Serrat, Victor Grau 2015-03-18T01:11:53+05:00 EC.701J 11.025J 11.472J en-US EC.701 EC.701J 11.025 11.025J 11.472 11.472J development project appropriate technology sustainable development intermediate technology stakeholder analysis China India Rwanda Sierra Leone Tanzania Africa developing country international development third world poverty bottom of the pyramid;cooking latrine grain mill solar energy stove energy charcoal wheelchair poverty water water quality safe water water treatment health sanitation World Bank NGO United Nations ICT4D ICT4C microfinance micro-finance AIDS HIV wind power solar power biomass biodiesel biogas agriculture farming food green revolution millenium development goals MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm D-Lab: Design addresses problems faced by undeserved communities with a focus on design, experimentation, and prototyping processes. Particular attention is placed on constraints faced when designing for developing countries. Multidisciplinary teams work on semester-long projects in collaboration with community partners, field practitioners, and experts in relevant fields. Topics covered include design for affordability, design for manufacture, sustainability, and strategies for working effectively with community partners and customers. Students may continue projects begun in EC.701J D-Lab I: Development. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/edgerton-center/ec-720j-d-lab-ii-design-spring-2010 Spring 2010 Smith, Amy J. Serrat, Victor Grau 2015-03-17T17:27:53+05:00 EC.720J 2.722J en-US EC.720 EC.720J 2.722 2.722J appropriate technology sustainable development participatory development co-creation poverty product design third world cookstove washing machine MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm Fundamentals of photoelectric conversion: charge excitation, conduction, separation, and collection. Lectures cover commercial and emerging photovoltaic technologies and cross-cutting themes, including conversion efficiencies, loss mechanisms, characterization, manufacturing, systems, reliability, life-cycle analysis, risk analysis, and technology evolution in the context of markets, policies, society, and environment. This course is one of many OCW Energy Courses, and it is an elective subject in MIT's undergraduate Energy Studies Minor. This Institute–wide program complements the deep expertise obtained in any major with a broad understanding of the interlinked realms of science, technology, and social sciences as they relate to energy and associated environmental challenges. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/mechanical-engineering/2-627-fundamentals-of-photovoltaics-fall-2013 Fall 2013 Buonassisi, Tonio 2015-01-05T21:48:29+05:00 2.627 2.626 en-US photovoltaics renewable energy solar pn-junction quantum efficiency bandgap thermalization semiconductor thin films charge excitation conduction commercialization emerging technologies conversion efficiencies loss mechanisms manufacturing life-cycle analysis markets policy society environment MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course addresses information technology fundamentals, including project management and software processes, data modeling, UML, relational databases and SQL. Topics covered include internet technologies, such as XML, web services, and service-oriented architectures. This course provides an introduction to security and presents the fundamentals of telecommunications and includes a project that involves requirements / design, data model, database implementation, website, security and data network. No prior programming experience required. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/civil-and-environmental-engineering/1-264j-database-internet-and-systems-integration-technologies-fall-2013 Fall 2013 Kocur, George 2014-04-04T16:29:47+05:00 1.264J ESD.264J en-US 1.264 1.264J ESD.264 ESD.264J information technology software development data modeling database application development web standards system integration security data communications good software process supply chain transportation civil engineering MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course presents aerospace propulsive devices as systems, with functional requirements and engineering and environmental limitations along with requirements and limitations that constrain design choices. Both air-breathing and rocket engines are covered, at a level which enables rational integration of the propulsive system into an overall vehicle design. Mission analysis, fundamental performance relations, and exemplary design solutions are presented. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-50-introduction-to-propulsion-systems-spring-2012 Spring 2012 Martinez-Sanchez, Manuel 2013-02-04T14:59:08+05:00 16.50 en-US gas turbines propulsion rockets rocket engines air-breathing engines turbomachines aeroengines turbines aircraft engines turbofans thrusters combustion turbine turbojets turboprops chemical propulsion electrical propulsion rocket nozzles MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This class assesses current and potential future energy systems, covering resources, extraction, conversion, and end-use technologies, with emphasis on meeting regional and global energy needs in the 21st century in a sustainable manner. Instructors and guest lecturers will examine various renewable and conventional energy production technologies, energy end-use practices and alternatives, and consumption practices in different countries. Students will learn a quantitative framework to aid in evaluation and analysis of energy technology system proposals in the context of engineering, political, social, economic, and environmental goals. Students taking the graduate version, Sustainable Energy, complete additional assignments. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/nuclear-engineering/22-081j-introduction-to-sustainable-energy-fall-2010 Fall 2010 Golay, Michael Field, Randall Green Jr., William Wright, John C. 2012-02-13T19:04:06+05:00 22.081J 2.650J 10.291J 1.818J 2.65J 10.391J 11.371J 22.811J ESD.166J en-US 22.081 22.081J 2.650 2.650J 10.291 10.291J 1.818 1.818J 2.65 2.65J 10.391 10.391J 11.371 11.371J 22.811 22.811J ESD.166 ESD.166J energy transfer clean technologies energy resource assessment energy conversion wind power nuclear proliferation nuclear waste disposal carbon management options geothermal energy solar photovoltaics solar thermal energy biomass energy biomass conversion eco-buildings hydropower MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm The course addresses dynamic systems, i.e., systems that evolve with time. Typically these systems have inputs and outputs; it is of interest to understand how the input affects the output (or, vice-versa, what inputs should be given to generate a desired output). In particular, we will concentrate on systems that can be modeled by Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs), and that satisfy certain linearity and time-invariance conditions. We will analyze the response of these systems to inputs and initial conditions. It is of particular interest to analyze systems obtained as interconnections (e.g., feedback) of two or more other systems. We will learn how to design (control) systems that ensure desirable properties (e.g., stability, performance) of the interconnection with a given dynamic system. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-241j-dynamic-systems-and-control-spring-2011 Spring 2011 Frazzoli, Emilio Dahleh, Munther 2011-12-28T21:31:42+05:00 6.241J 16.338J en-US dynamic systems multiple inputs multiple outputs MIMO feedback control systems linear time-invariant optimal control robust control linear algebra least squares MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm This course surveys a variety of reasoning, optimization and decision making methodologies for creating highly autonomous systems and decision support aids. The focus is on principles, algorithms, and their application, taken from the disciplines of artificial intelligence and operations research. Reasoning paradigms include logic and deduction, heuristic and constraint-based search, model-based reasoning, planning and execution, and machine learning. Optimization paradigms include linear programming, integer programming, and dynamic programming. Decision-making paradigms include decision theoretic planning, and Markov decision processes. https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/aeronautics-and-astronautics/16-410-principles-of-autonomy-and-decision-making-fall-2010 Fall 2010 Williams, Brian Charles Frazzoli, Emilio 2011-12-06T14:18:08+05:00 16.410 16.413 en-US state space search constraints planning model based reasoning global path planning mathematical programming hidden markov models dynamic programming machine learning game theory MIT OpenCourseWare https://ocw.mit.edu Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm