This resource contains a lecture handout on evidence for the Neandertal body form as an adaptation to cold environments, evidence for nasal specializations in Neandertals, suggesting separate species status, evidence for differences in manipulatory abilities between Neandertals and moderns, evidence for Neandertal diet, evidence for interpersonal violence among Neandertals, evidence for Neandertal cannibalism, and evidence for the Neandertal genetic contribution to modern humans.