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Vectors are added in each component separately. You multiply a vector by a number by multiplying every component of the vector by that number. The scalar product is linear in each argument (so you can use the distributive law on it). The scalar product is computed by multiplying like components together and summing. The scalar product is the product of the length of both vector arguments with the cosine of the angle between the vectors. The determinant is linear in each of its rows and in each of its columns, and its magnitude is the area of the parallelogram or parallelepiped determined by its columns (and also determined by its rows). The determinant changes sign if two of its columns are interchanged. As a function of a single element aij, the determinant has the form det(A) = raij + s; (it is a linear function with an inhomogeneous term) The coefficient r is the determinant of the matrix obtained by removing i-th column and j-th row from A, multiplied by (-1)i+j. The determinant can be evaluated by row reduction or by expanding on a column or row. The vector product is the vector obtained by replacing the elements of the last column of the determinant by the unit vectors i, j and k. The vector product is perpendicular to its vector factors and its magnitude in 3 dimensions is the area of their parallelogram. A line in two dimensions can be described parametrically or by a linear equation. A plane in three dimensions can be described by an equation or its points can be determined by a formula having two linear parameters. If the equation of a plane is az + by + cx = d, its equation
can also be written as The quantities |
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are called the slopes of z in the x and y directions respectively.
In two dimensions the slope is similarly 
.