Water and Sanitation Infrastructure in Developing Countries

Readings

This section presents readings by session, other required readings, recommended readings, and optional additional readings.

Readings by Session

SES #	Topics	READINGS
1	Introduction to water and sanitation development
2	Basic concepts, water rich / water poor, and pictoral tour of global water and sanitation	Millennium Development Goals, The World Bank Group. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2006 — Beyond Scarcity: Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme, 2006, chapter 1. ISBN: 9780230500587. World Health Organization and UNICEF. Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation Target: A Mid-term Assessment of Progress. New York, NY: World Health Organization and United Nations Children’s Fund, 2004. ISBN: 9789241562782. (PDF - 1.8 MB) Recommended readings World Health Organization and UNICEF. Water for Life — Making It Happen. New York, NY: World Health Organization and UNICEF, 2005. ISBN: 9789241562935. (PDF - 1.9 MB) Lenton, R., A. M. Wright, and K. Lewis. Health, Dignity, and Development: What Will It Take? New York, NY: United Nations Development Program, 2005. ISBN: 9781844072194. (PDF - 1.7MB)
3	A utility’s pro-poor approach in Bangalore’s slums Guest lecture: Genevieve Connors, Urban Development Sector Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank	Connors, Genevieve. “When Utilities Muddle Through: Pro-poor Governance in Bangalore’s Public Water Sector.” Environment and Urbanization 17, no. 1 (2005): 201-218. Water and Sanitation Program. Connecting the Slums: A Utility’s Approach in Bangalore. New Delhi, India: Water Sanitation Programme South Asia, 2006. Cairncross, Sandy, and Richard Feachem. Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1993, chapter 1 and appendix C. ISBN: 9780471938859. Mara, Duncan. Low Cost Urban Sanitation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, chapter 2. ISBN: 9780471961635. Esrey, S. A., R. G. Feachem, and J. M. Hughes. “Interventions for the Control of Diarrhoeal Diseases among Young Children: Improving Water Supplies and Excreta Disposal Facilities.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63, no. 4 (1985): 757-772. (PDF - 1.0 MB) Colford, John, Jr., and Lorna Fewtrell. “Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Interventions and Diarrhoea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Health, Nutrition and Population Discussion Paper, World Bank, 2004. “Technical Brief No. 52: Water — Quality or Quantity?” Waterlines 22, no. 4 (2004): 15-18.
4	Water, sanitation and hygiene-related diseases	Skinner, Brian. Small-scale Water Supply: A Review of Technologies. Warwickshire, UK: Practical Action Publishing, 2003, chapter 3. ISBN: 9781853395406. MacDonald, Alan, Jeff Davies, Roger Calow, and John Chilton. Developing Groundwater: A Guide for Rural Water Supply. London, UK: ITDG Publishing, 2005, chapter 2. ISBN: 9781853395963. Cairncross, Sandy, and Richard Feachem. Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1993, chapters 4 and 5. ISBN: 9780471938859.
5	Sources of water and water supply planning	MacDonald, Alan, Jeff Davies, Roger Calow, and John Chilton. Developing Groundwater: A Guide for Rural Water Supply. London, UK: ITDG Publishing, 2005, chapters 3 and 4. ISBN: 9781853395963. Howard, Guy, and Jamie Bartram. Domestic Water Quantity, Service Level and Health. World Health Organization, 2003.
6	Water quality and simple water quality field testing demo	World Health Organization. Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality. 3rd edition, vol. 1. Recommendations. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2004, chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 and 7. ISBN: 9789241546386. Ngai, T., S. Murcott, R. Shrestha, B. Dangol, and M. Maharjan. “Development and Dissemination of Kanchan™ Arsenic Filter in Rural Nepal.” Water, Science and Technology: Water Supply 6, no. 3 (2006): 137-146.
7	Decentralized household water treatment and safe storage	World Health Organization. Combating Waterborne Disease at the Household Level. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2007, ISBN: 978921595223. Nath, K. J., S. Bloomfield, and M. Jones. Household Water Storage, Handling and Point-of-use Treatment. International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene, 2006, pp. 5 and 24-29. (PDF - 1.6 MB) Murcott, S. Implementation, Critical Factors and Challenges to Scale-Up of Household Drinking Water Treatment and Safe Storage Systems. Background Paper on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS), 2006. (PDF). Clasen, Thomas, and Sandy Cairncross. “Editorial: Household Water Management: Refining the Dominant Paradigm.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 9, no. 2 (2004): 187-191. Recommended readings Wright, Jim, Stephen Gundry, and Ronan Conroy. “Household Drinking Water in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review of Microbiological Contamination between Source and Point-of-use.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 9, no. 1 (2004): 106-117. Gundry, Stephen, Ronan Conroy, and Jim Wright. “A Systematic Review of the Health Outcomes Related to Household Water Quality in Developing Countries.” Journal of Water and Health 2 (2004): 1-13. (PDF) Sobsey, Mark. Managing Water in the Home: Accelerated Health Gains from Improved Water Supply. (PDF) World Health Organization, 2002.
8	Centralized water treatment: MWRA and Beijing Guest lecture: Joshua Das, Massachusetts Water Resources Authority	Cairncross, Sandy, and Richard Feachem. Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics: An Introductory Text. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1993, chapter 6. ISBN: 9780471938859. Postel, Sandra. “Aquatic Ecosystem Protection and Drinking Water Utilities.” Journal of the American Water Works Association 99, no. 2 (2007): 52-63.
9	Sewage collection systems Guest lecture: Earthea Nance, Virginia Tech	Institutional Paul, Samuel. “Accountability in Public Services: Exit, Voice and Control.” World Development 20, no. 7 (1992): 1047-1060. Budds, Jessica, and Gordon McGranahan. “Are the Debates on Water Privatization Missing the Point? Experiences from Africa, Asia and Latin America.” Environment and Urbanization 15, no. 2 (2003): 87-113. Davis, J., et al. “Local Government: Kerala, India.” In Good Governance in the Water and Sanitation Sector: Experience from South Asia. New Delhi, India: Water and Sanitation Program. 2001. NOTE: If you are unfamiliar with international aid agencies like the World Bank, you will also find the following Web sites useful: The World Bank Group (click on “About” in the top left corner); The World Bank and International Monetary Fund (start with the Questions and Answers link). Stakeholders Lovei, L., et al. “Rent-Extracting Behavior by Multiple Agents in the Provision of Municipal Water Supply: A Study of Jakarta, Indonesia.” Water Resources Research 29, no. 7 (1993): 1965-1974. Davis, J. “Corruption in Public Services: Experience from South Asia’s Water and Sanitation Sector.” World Development 32, no. 1 (2004): 53-71. Regmi, S., and B. Fawcett. “Integrating Gender Needs into Drinking-water Projects in Nepal.” Gender and Development 7, no. 3 (1999): 62-72. Evolution of W&S: supply vs. demand Garn, H. Lessons from Large-scale Rural Water and Sanitation Projects: Transition and Innovation. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1997. McPhail, A. “The ‘Five Percent Rule’ for Improved Water Service: Can Households Afford More?” World Development 21, no. 6 (1993): 963-973. “Willing to Pay but Unwilling to Charge: Do Willingness-to-pay Studies Make a Difference?” Water and Sanitation Program, 1999. Privatization Birdsall, Nancy, and John Nellis. “Winners and Losers: Assessing the Distributional Impact of Privatization.” World Development 31, no. 10 (2003): 1617-1633. Balanyá, Belén, Brid Brennan, Olivier Hoedeman, Satoko Kishimoto, and Philipp Terhorst. Reclaiming Public Water: Achievements, Struggles and Visions from Around the World. Transnational Institute and Corporate Europe Observatory, 2005. ISBN: 9789071007101.
10	Sanitation history, centralized wastewater treatment, and reuse	Okun, Daniel A. “From Cholera to Cancer to Cryptosporidiosis.” Journal of Environmental Engineering 122, no. 6 (1996): 453-458. Mara, Duncan. Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Developing Countries. London, UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2004, chapters 1, 4, 6, and 7. ISBN: 9781844070190. ———. Low Cost Urban Sanitation. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, 1996, chapters 6 and 7. ISBN: 9780471961635. Recommended readings Harleman, D., and S. Murcott. “An Innovative Approach to Urban Wastewater Treatment in the Developing World.” Water 21: Magazine of the International Water Association (June 2001). Parker, D. S., J. Barnard, G. T. Daigger, R. J. Tekippe, and E. J. Wahlberg. “The Future of Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment: Evolution Not Revolution.” Water 21: Magazine of the International Water Association (June 2001). Harleman, D., and S. Murcott. “Rebuttal by Harleman and Murcott to Parker et al. Discussion Paper: ‘The Future of Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment: Evolution Not Revolution.’” Water 21: Magazine of the International Water Association (June 2001).
11	Water and sanitation financing Guest lecture: Prof. Peter Rogers, Harvard University	Rogers, Peter, Radhika de Silva, and Ramesh Bhatia. “Water as an Economic Good: How to Use Prices to Promote Equity, Efficiency and Sustainability.” Water Policy 4 (2002): 1-17. Rogers, Peter, Ramesh Bhatia, and Annette Huber. “Water as a Social and Economic Good: How to Put Principle into Practice.” Technical Advisory Committee, Global Water Partnership. TAC Background Paper No. 2, 1998. Cutler, David, and Grant Miller. “The Role of Public Health Improvements in Health Advances: The Twentieth-Century United States.” Demography 42, no. 1 (2005): 1-22. Hutton, Guy, and Laurence Haller. “Evaluation of the Costs and Benefits of Water and Sanitation Improvements at the Global Level.” Water, Sanitation, and Health, Protection of the Human Environment, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2004. (PDF) Recommended readings Davis, Jennifer. 11.479 Tutorial 1: Principles of Microeconomics. (PDF) (Courtesy of Jennifer Davis. Used with permission.) McPhail, Alexander. “The ‘Five Percent Rule’ for Improved Water Service: Can Households Afford More?” World Development 21, no. 6 (1993): 963-973. Whittington, Dale, Subhrendu Pattanayak, Jui-Chen Yang, and K. C. Bal Kumar. “Household Demand for Improved Piped Water Services: Evidence from Kathmandu, Nepal.” Water Policy 4 (2002): 531-536. Pattanayak, Subhrendu, Jui-Chen Yang, Dale Whittington, and K. C. Bal Kumar. “Coping With Unreliable Public Water Supplies: Averting Expenditures by Households in Kathmandu, Nepal.” Water Resources Research 41 (2005). Whittington, Dale, Donald Lauria, Vimalanand Prabhu, and Joe Cook. “An Economic Reappraisal of the Melamchi Water Supply Project - Kathmandu, Nepal.” Portuguese Economic Journal 3 (2004): 157-178. Whittington, Dale. “Municipal Water Pricing and Tariff Design: A Reform Agenda for South Asia.” Water Policy 5 (2003): 61-76.
12	On-site excreta disposal Guest lecture: Brian Robinson (with Susan Murcott)	Pickford, John. Low-Cost Sanitation: A Survey of Practical Experience. London, UK: Immediate Technology Publications, 1995, chapters 4, 5, 8, and 9. ISBN: 9781853392337.
13	Wrap-up

 

Other Required Readings

US AID Technical Notes ([PDF](http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaab555.pdf      
)).

WELL Technical Briefs.

Solo, Tova Maria, Eduardo Perez, and Steven Joyce. Water and Sanitation for Health Project, WASH Technical Report No. 85: Constraints in Providing Water and Sanitation Services to the Urban Poor. Washington, DC: US Agency for International Development, 1993. (PDF)

World Health Organization. The Right to Water. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2003. ISBN: 9789241590563.

Ludwig, Art. Water Storage. Santa Barbara, CA: Oasis Design, 2005. ISBN: 9780964343368.

Water Pollution Control Federation. Natural Systems for Wastewater Treatment: Manual of Practice. Alexandria, VA: Water Pollution Control Federation, 1990.

World Health Organization. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2006. ISBN: 9789241593823.

Whittington, D., S. K. Pattanayak, J. C. Yang, and K. C. B. Kumar. “Household Demand for Improved Piped Water Services: Evidence from Kathmandu, Nepal.” Water Policy 4 (2002): 531-556.

Whittington, D., D. T. Dauria, V. Prabhu, and J. Cook. “An Economic Reappraisal of the Melamchi Water Supply Project — Kathmandu, Nepal.” Portuguese Economic Journal 3 (2004): 157-178.

Pattanayak, S., J. C. Yang, D. Whittington, and K. C. B. Kumar. “Coping with Unreliable Public Water Supplies: Averting Expenditures by Households in Kathmandu, Nepal.” Water Resources Research 41, no. 2 (2005).

Recommended Readings

Reed, Robert A. Sustainable Sewerage: Guidelines for Community Schemes. London, UK: Intermediate Technology in Association with the Water, Engineering and Development Centre, 1995. ISBN: 9781853393051.

Kolsky, Pete. Storm Drainage: An Engineering Guide to the Low-Cost Evaluation of System Performance. London, UK: IT Publications, 1998. ISBN: 9781853394324.

Optional Additional Readings

Cairncross, Sandy, Jorge E. Hardoy, and David Satterthwaite. The Poor Die Young: Housing and Health in Third World Cities. London, UK: Earthscan Publications, 1989. ISBN: 9781853830198.

Feachem, Richard G., Michael McGarry, and Duncan Mara. Water, Wastes and Health in Hot Climates. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1977. ISBN: 9780471994107.

Hazeltine, Barrett, and Christopher Bull. Field Guide to Appropriate Technology. Burlington, MA: Academic Press, 2003. ISBN: 9780123351852.

Ostrom, Elinor, Larry Schroeder, and Susan Wynne. Institutional Incentives and Sustainable Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1993. ISBN: 9780813316192.

Brookshire, David S., and Dale Whittington. “Water Resources Issues in the Developing Countries.” Water Resources Research 29, no. 7 (1993): 1883-1888.

Mehta, Lyla. Water for the Twenty-first Century: Challenges and Misconceptions. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies, 2000, Working Paper No. 111.

Fass, S. M. “Water and Poverty: Implications for Water Planning.” Water Resources Research 29, no. 7 (1993): 1975-1981.

Solo, Tova Maria. “Small-Scale Entrepreneurs in the Urban Water and Sanitation Market.” Environment and Urbanization 11, no. 1 (1999): 117-131.

Chaplin, Susan E. “Cities, Sewers, and Poverty: India’s Politics of Sanitation.” Environment and Urbanization 11, no. 1 (1999): 145-158.

Heller, Leo. “Who Really Benefits from Environmental Sanitation Services in the Cities? An Intra-Urban Analysis in Betim, Brazil.” Environment and Urbanization 11, no. 1 (1999): 133-144.

Kolsky, Pete. “Engineers and Urban Malaria: Part of the Solution, or Part of the Problem?” Environment and Urbanization 11, no. 1 (1999): 159-163.

Pritchett, Lant, and Michael Woolcock. “Solutions When the Solution is the Problem: Arraying the Disarray in Development.” World Development 32, no. 2 (2004): 191-212.

Nance, Earthea B., and Leonard Ortolano. “Community Participation in Urban Sanitation: Experiences in Northeastern Brazil.” Journal of Planning Education and Research 26, no. 3 (2007): 284-300.

Watson, Gabrielle, and N. Vijay Jagannathan. Participation in Water and Sanitation — Environment Department Papers: Participation Series, Paper No. ENV-002. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1995.

Paul, Samuel. Community Participation in Development Projects: The World Bank Experience — World Bank Discussion Paper No. 6. Washington, DC: The World Bank, 1987.

Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL). Guidance Manual on Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes. London, UK: Department for International Development, 1998.

Cairncross, Sandy. “Why Promote Sanitation?” Water and Environmental Health at London and Loughborough (WELL), 1999.

The World Bank. World Development Report 2004: Making Services Work for Poor People. The World Bank, 2004. ISBN: 9780821354681.

———. World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure for Development. The World Bank, 1994. ISBN: 9780821325353.

———. World Development Report 1993: Investing in Health. The World Bank, 1993. ISBN: 9780195208900.

Shultz, C. R., and D. A. Okun. Surface Water Treatment for Communities in Developing Countries. London, UK: ITDG Publishing, 1992. ISBN: 9781853391422.

Gleick, Peter. The World’s Water 2004-2005: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. Washington, DC: Island Press, 2004. ISBN: 9781559635363.

United Nations Human Settlements Program. Water and Sanitation in the World’s Cities: Local Action for Global Goals. London, UK: Earthscan Publications Ltd, 2003. ISBN: 9781844070046.

Esrey, Stephen, J. Gough, D. Rapaport, R. Sawyer, M. Simpson-Hebert, J. Vargas, and Uno Winblad, eds. Ecological Sanitation. Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA), 1998. ISBN: 9158676120. (PDF)

Reed, Robert A. Sustainable Sewerage: Guidelines for Community Schemes. London, UK: Intermediate Technology in Association with the Water, Engineering and Development Centre, 1995. ISBN: 9781853393051.

American Water Works Association. Water Quality and Treatment Handbook. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1999. ISBN: 9780070016590.

Tchobanoglous, George, and H. David Stensel. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2002. ISBN: 9780070418783.

USAID. Lessons Learned in Water, Sanitation and Health. Washington, DC: Water and Sanitation for Health Project of USAID, 1993.