Tools Used in 6.828
If you would like to compile and run the tools on your own machine, here is the information you need. We cannot guarantee that these tools will run on your computer, but they should run on recent versions of Linux.
It should be possible to get this development environment running under windows with the help of Cygwin. Install cygwin, and be sure to install the flex and bison packages (they are under the development header).
For an overview of useful commands in the tools used in 6.828, see the lab tools guide below.
Compiler Toolchain
Most modern Linuxes and BSDs have an ELF toolchain compatible with the 6.828 labs. That is, the system-standard gcc, as, ld and objdump should just work. The 6.828 lab makefile should automatically detect this. However, if your machine is in this camp and the makefile fails to detect this, you can override it by adding the following line to conf/env.mk:
GCCPREFIX=
If you are using something other than standard x86 Linux or BSD, you will need the GNU C compiler toolchain, configured and built as a cross-compiler for the target ‘i386-jos-elf’, as well as the GNU debugger, configured for the i386-jos-elf toolchain. You can download the specific versions we used via these links, although any recent versions of gcc, binutils, and GDB should work:
- http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/binutils/binutils-2.21.1.tar.bz2
- http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gcc/gcc-4.5.1/gcc-core-4.5.1.tar.bz2
- http://ftpmirror.gnu.org/gdb/gdb-6.8a.tar.gz
Once you’ve unpacked these archives, run the following commands as root:
# cd binutils-2.21.1 # ./configure –target=i386-jos-elf –disable-nls # make # make install # cd ../gcc-4.5.1 # ./configure –target=i386-jos-elf –disable-nls –without-headers \ –with-newlib –disable-threads –disable-shared \ –disable-libmudflap –disable-libssp # make # make install # cd ../gdb-6.8 # ./configure –target=i386-jos-elf –program-prefix=i386-jos-elf- \ –disable-werror # make # make install
Then you’ll have in /usr/local/bin a bunch of binaries with names like i386-jos-elf-gcc. The lab makefile should detect this toolchain and use it in preference to your machine’s default toolchain. If this doesn’t work, there are instructions on how to override the toolchain inside the GNU makefile in the labs.
QEMU Emulator
QEMU is a modern and fast PC emulator.
6.828 Lab Tools Guide
Familiarity with your environment is crucial for productive development and debugging. This page gives a brief overview of the JOS environment and useful GDB and QEMU commands. Don’t take our word for it, though. Read the GDB and QEMU manuals. These are powerful tools that are worth knowing how to use.
Debugging Tips
Kernel
GDB is your friend. Use the qemu-gdb target (or its qemu-gdb-nox variant) to make QEMU wait for GDB to attach. See the GDB reference below for some commands that are useful when debugging kernels.
If you’re getting unexpected interrupts, exceptions, or triple faults, you can ask QEMU to generate a detailed log of interrupts using the -d argument.
To debug virtual memory issues, try the QEMU monitor commands info mem (for a high-level overview) or info pg (for lots of detail). Note that these commands only display the current page table.
(Lab 4+) To debug multiple CPUs, use GDB’s thread-related commands like thread and info threads.
User Environments (lab 3+)
GDB also lets you debug user environments, but there are a few things you need to watch out for, since GDB doesn’t know that there’s a distinction between multiple user environments, or between user and kernel.
You can start JOS with a specific user environment using make run-name (or you can edit kern/init.c directly). To make QEMU wait for GDB to attach, use the run-name-gdb variant.
You can symbolically debug user code, just like you can kernel code, but you have to tell GDB which symbol table to use with the symbol-file command, since it can only use one symbol table at a time. The provided .gdbinit loads the kernel symbol table, obj/kern/kernel. The symbol table for a user environment is in its ELF binary, so you can load it using symbol-file obj/user/name. Don’t load symbols from any .o files, as those haven’t been relocated by the linker (libraries are statically linked into JOS user binaries, so those symbols are already included in each user binary). Make sure you get the right user binary; library functions will be linked at different EIPs in different binaries and GDB won’t know any better!
(Lab 4+) Since GDB is attached to the virtual machine as a whole, it sees clock interrupts as just another control transfer. This makes it basically impossible to step through user code because a clock interrupt is virtually guaranteed the moment you let the VM run again. The stepi command works because it suppresses interrupts, but it only steps one assembly instruction. Breakpoints generally work, but watch out because you can hit the same EIP in a different environment (indeed, a different binary altogether!).
Reference
JOS Makefile
The JOS GNUmakefile includes a number of phony targets for running JOS in various ways. All of these targets configure QEMU to listen for GDB connections (the *-gdb targets also wait for this connection). To start once QEMU is running, simply run gdb from your lab directory. We provide a .gdbinit file that automatically points GDB at QEMU, loads the kernel symbol file, and switches between 16-bit and 32-bit mode. Exiting GDB will shut down QEMU.
make qemu
Build everything and start QEMU with the VGA console in a new window and the serial console in your terminal. To exit, either close the VGA window or press Ctrl-c or Ctrl-a x in your terminal.
make qemu-nox
Like make qemu, but run with only the serial console. To exit, press Ctrl-a x. This is particularly useful over SSH connections to Athena dialups because the VGA window consumes a lot of bandwidth.
make qemu-gdb
Like make qemu, but rather than passively accepting GDB connections at any time, this pauses at the first machine instruction and waits for a GDB connection.
make qemu-nox-gdb
A combination of the qemu-nox and qemu-gdb targets.
make run-name
(Lab 3+) Run user program name. For example, make run-hello runs user/hello.c.
make run-name-nox, run-name-gdb, run-name-gdb-nox,
(Lab 3+) Variants of run-name that correspond to the variants of the qemu target.
The makefile also accepts a few useful variables:
make V=1 …
Verbose mode. Print out every command being executed, including arguments.
make V=1 grade
Stop after any failed grade test and leave the QEMU output in jos.out for inspection.
make QEMUEXTRA=’args’ …
Specify additional arguments to pass to QEMU.
JOS Obj/
When building JOS, the makefile also produces some additional output files that may prove useful while debugging:
obj/boot/boot.asm, obj/kern/kernel.asm, obj/user/hello.asm, etc.
Assembly code listings for the bootloader, kernel, and user programs.
obj/kern/kernel.sym, obj/user/hello.sym, etc.
Symbol tables for the kernel and user programs.
obj/boot/boot.out, obj/kern/kernel, obj/user/hello, etc
Linked ELF images of the kernel and user programs. These contain symbol information that can be used by GDB.
GDB
See the GDB manual for a full guide to GDB commands. Here are some particularly useful commands for 6.828, some of which don’t typically come up outside of OS development.
Ctrl-c
Halt the machine and break in to GDB at the current instruction. If QEMU has multiple virtual CPUs, this halts all of them.
c (or continue)
Continue execution until the next breakpoint or Ctrl-c.
si (or stepi)
Execute one machine instruction.
b function or b file:line (or breakpoint)
Set a breakpoint at the given function or line.
b *_addr_ (or breakpoint)
Set a breakpoint at the EIP addr.
set print pretty
Enable pretty-printing of arrays and structs.
info registers
Print the general purpose registers, eip, eflags, and the segment selectors. For a much more thorough dump of the machine register state, see QEMU’s own info registers command.
x / Nx addr
Display a hex dump of N words starting at virtual address addr. If N is omitted, it defaults to 1. addr can be any expression.
x / Ni addr
Display the N assembly instructions starting at addr. Using $eip as addr will display the instructions at the current instruction pointer.
symbol-file file
(Lab 3+) Switch to symbol file file. When GDB attaches to QEMU, it has no notion of the process boundaries within the virtual machine, so we have to tell it which symbols to use. By default, we configure GDB to use the kernel symbol file, obj/kern/kernel. If the machine is running user code, say hello.c, you can switch to the hello symbol file using symbol-file obj/user/hello.
QEMU represents each virtual CPU as a thread in GDB, so you can use all of GDB’s thread-related commands to view or manipulate QEMU’s virtual CPUs.
thread n
GDB focuses on one thread (i.e., CPU) at a time. This command switches that focus to thread n, numbered from zero.
info threads
List all threads (i.e., CPUs), including their state (active or halted) and what function they’re in.
QEMU
QEMU includes a built-in monitor that can inspect and modify the machine state in useful ways. To enter the monitor, press Ctrl-a c in the terminal running QEMU. Press Ctrl-a c again to switch back to the serial console.
For a complete reference to the monitor commands, see the QEMU manual. Here are some particularly useful commands:
xp / Nx paddr
Display a hex dump of N words starting at physical address paddr. If N is omitted, it defaults to 1. This is the physical memory analogue of GDB’s x command.
info registers
Display a full dump of the machine’s internal register state. In particular, this includes the machine’s hidden segment state for the segment selectors and the local, global, and interrupt descriptor tables, plus the task register. This hidden state is the information the virtual CPU read from the GDT / LDT when the segment selector was loaded. Here’s the CS when running in the JOS kernel in lab 1 and the meaning of each field:
CS =0008 10000000 ffffffff 10cf9a00 DPL=0 CS32 [-R-]
CS =0008
The visible part of the code selector. We’re using segment 0x8. This also tells us we’re referring to the global descriptor table (0x8&4=0), and our CPL (current privilege level) is 0x8&3=0.
10000000
The base of this segment. Linear address = logical address + 0x10000000.
ffffffff
The limit of this segment. Linear addresses above 0xffffffff will result in segment violation exceptions.
10cf9a00
The raw flags of this segment, which QEMU helpfully decodes for us in the next few fields.
DPL=0
The privilege level of this segment. Only code running with privilege level 0 can load this segment.
CS32
This is a 32-bit code segment. Other values include DS for data segments (not to be confused with the DS register), and LDT for local descriptor tables.
[-R-]
This segment is read-only.
info mem
(Lab 2+) Display mapped virtual memory and permissions. For example,
ef7c0000-ef800000 00040000 urw efbf8000-efc00000 00008000 -rw
tells us that the 0x00040000 bytes of memory from 0xef7c0000 to 0xef800000 are mapped read / write and user-accessible, while the memory from 0xefbf8000 to 0xefc00000 is mapped read / write, but only kernel-accessible.
info pg
(Lab 2+) Display the current page table structure. The output is similar to info mem, but distinguishes page directory entries and page table entries and gives the permissions for each separately. Repeated PTE’s and entire page tables are folded up into a single line. For example,
VPN range Entry Flags Physical page [00000-003ff] PDE[000] ——-UWP [00200-00233] PTE[200-233] ——-U-P 00380 0037e 0037d 0037c 0037b 0037a .. [00800-00bff] PDE[002] —-A–UWP [00800-00801] PTE[000-001] —-A–U-P 0034b 00349 [00802-00802] PTE[002] ——-U-P 00348
This shows two page directory entries, spanning virtual addresses 0x00000000 to 0x003fffff and 0x00800000 to 0x00bfffff, respectively. Both PDE’s are present, writable, and user and the second PDE is also accessed. The second of these page tables maps three pages, spanning virtual addresses 0x00800000 through 0x00802fff, of which the first two are present, user, and accessed and the third is only present and user. The first of these PTE’s maps physical page 0x34b.
QEMU also takes some useful command line arguments, which can be passed into the using the QEMUEXTRA variable.
make QEMUEXTRA=’-d int’ …
Log all interrupts, along with a full register dump, to qemu.log. You can ignore the first two log entries, “SMM: enter” and “SMM: after RMS”, as these are generated before entering the boot loader. After this, log entries look like
4: v=30 e=0000 i=1 cpl=3 IP=001b:00800e2e pc=00800e2e SP=0023:eebfdf28 EAX=00000005 EAX=00000005 EBX=00001002 ECX=00200000 EDX=00000000 ESI=00000805 EDI=00200000 EBP=eebfdf60 ESP=eebfdf28 …
The first line describes the interrupt. The 4: is just a log record counter. v gives the vector number in hex. e gives the error code. i=1 indicates that this was produced by an int instruction (versus a hardware interrupt). The rest of the line should be self-explanatory. See info registers for a description of the register dump that follows.
Note: If you’re running a pre-0.15 version of QEMU, the log will be written to /tmp instead of the current directory.
